What is the evidence?

observation

Faunal, isotopic, metallurgical, and artefactual evidence indicates seasonal animal use alongside copper mining, smelting, and casting.

Multiple scientific proxies support the activities, while the link to later systems is deliberately not asserted.

Inspect the sources →
Review and provenance

Specialist reviewer: not recorded. Review date: not recorded.

Dataset workflow: proposed. This is separate from specialist review.

Confidence describes the stated assessment; it does not certify expert approval. How review works.

Chronology

Dating intervals may describe uncertainty or phases; their width alone does not establish event duration.

Preferred assertion

1800 BCE–1600 BCE

Precision: range

Chronology model: release preferred synthesis

high

Preferred display range synthesized from the cited source roles. It preserves a range and does not imply every component occurred continuously or synchronously.

Interpretation and caveats

The site demonstrates a mobile metallurgical economy immediately before the primary interval. It is an antecedent, not proof of direct institutional continuity into later Srubnaya systems.

Event context

Classification

Event type: seasonal mining and metallurgy

Evidence layer: archaeological

Timeline role: regional core

Why it matters to the timeline

The site lies within the lower Volga/north Caspian research frame and provides a necessary pre-1600 BCE antecedent for later steppe metallurgy.

Research notes

  • Supports seasonal activity and metal production. Role: provides archaeological observation. Locator: Abstract, methods, and conclusions.

Evidence and sources

Where to go next

Referenced records