Was There a 3.2 ka Crisis in Europe? A Critical Comparison of Climatic, Environmental, and Archaeological Evidence for Radical Change during the Bronze Age-Iron Age Transition

Citation metadata

Type

review_article

Publication

Journal of Archaeological Research, vol. 31, 331-394

Peer reviewed

Yes

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Records informed by this source

• event Urnfield-period transformations across parts of Europe
  Evidence confidence: ◈ high
  informs · contextualizes · regional European comparison

  Provides the world-context evidence and cautions.

• date assertion Urnfield-period transformations across parts of Europe — date assertion
  Evidence confidence: ◈ high
  informs · contextualizes · regional European comparison

  Provides the world-context evidence and cautions.

• causal hypothesis Regionally staggered multi-causal cascade
  Evidence confidence: ◈ very high
  informs · supports force multiplier model in Europe
• claim Climate stress was regionally important and sometimes severe, but it was not one uniform Mediterranean event that independently caused every collapse.
  Evidence confidence: ◈ high
  supports · supports force multiplier model for Europe
• claim A direct domino migration chain from Ukraine or southern Russia through the Balkans into the Sea Peoples coalitions is not currently demonstrated.
  Evidence confidence: ◈ moderate
  supports · supports regionally diverse European trajectories