Bronze Age World

Reading ancient testimony

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Document and modern access

Type: journal article and archaeometallurgical study
Publication: Antiquity, vol. 93, no. 371, 1178–1196

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Records informed by this source

date assertion South-west England archaeological search region — date assertion
informs · defines or contextualizes · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
date assertion Wales archaeological search region — date assertion
informs · defines or contextualizes · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
date assertion North Sea interaction zone — date assertion
informs · defines or contextualizes · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
date assertion Great Orme copper mine — date assertion
informs · defines or contextualizes · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides evidence and date · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides evidence and date · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides evidence and date · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides evidence and date · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
date assertion Peak copper production at Great Orme — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · dates · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
date assertion Reduced but continued Great Orme mining — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · dates · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
property Metal-production centre
Evidence confidence: high
supports · defines · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
property Research reconstruction, not a border
Evidence confidence: high
supports · defines · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
property Contact evidence does not by itself prove migration
Evidence confidence: high
supports · defines · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
entity Wales archaeological search region
Evidence confidence: high
supports · defines or contextualizes · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
entity South-west England archaeological search region
Evidence confidence: high
supports · defines or contextualizes · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
entity North Sea interaction zone
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · defines or contextualizes · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
entity Great Orme copper mine
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · defines or contextualizes · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
geography assertion Great Orme copper mine — geography assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · locates or defines geometry · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Site maps and mine-location figures; generalized to protect against false precision.
event Peak copper production at Great Orme
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides evidence and date · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
event Reduced but continued Great Orme mining
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides evidence and date · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
property assignment Great Orme copper mine — has analytical property — Metal-production centre
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
property assignment Great Orme copper mine — has analytical property — Contact evidence does not by itself prove migration
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
claim Great Orme's reduced later output does not form a single abrupt collapse at 1200 BCE.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports claim · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
claim Chemical compatibility links some British and continental bronze to Great Orme-type copper, but it does not identify every object as Great Orme metal or reconstruct a unique route.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports claim · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
claim Changes near 1200 BCE in Britain and Ireland were asynchronous and locally distinct rather than one synchronous island-wide collapse.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports claim · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
claim Great Orme was a major Bronze Age copper-production centre, with its highest output likely between about 1600 and 1400 BCE.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports claim · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
relationship Great Orme copper mine — within archaeological search frame — Wales archaeological search region
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
relationship Reduced but continued Great Orme mining — contradicts general model — Synchronous 1200 BCE collapse or invasion model
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
causal hypothesis Regionally asynchronous continuity and reorganization model
Evidence confidence: high
supports · tests hypothesis · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.
causal hypothesis Synchronous 1200 BCE collapse or invasion model
Unsupported explanationConfidence in this assessment: very lowConfidence in this assessment, not in the proposed story
supports · tests hypothesis · Abstract; The Great Orme copper mine; Discussion; Conclusions; Figures 2 and 9
Integrates mine chronology, ore characterisation, metal analyses and production estimates to argue for a major Great Orme production peak and wide circulation.