Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: academic monograph
Publication: Routledge
Peer reviewed: Yes

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Records informed by this source

claim Palatial administrations disappeared across mainland Greece through a staggered sequence of destructions, abandonments and political reorganization.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Palatial administrations disappeared across mainland Greece through a staggered sequence of destructions, abandonments and political reorganization.
claim The surviving Homeric epics crystallized centuries after the Late Bronze Age and contain material from multiple historical layers.
Evidence confidence: low
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: The surviving Homeric epics crystallized centuries after the Late Bronze Age and contain material from multiple historical layers.
claim Long-distance exchange recovered through new routes, actors and institutions rather than simply restoring the Late Bronze Age system.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Long-distance exchange recovered through new routes, actors and institutions rather than simply restoring the Late Bronze Age system.
claim Iron use expanded gradually after 1200 BCE, rather than appearing as a single technological cause of palace collapse.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Iron use expanded gradually after 1200 BCE, rather than appearing as a single technological cause of palace collapse.
claim Alphabetic scripts expanded and diversified as cuneiform and Linear B palace administrations disappeared or contracted in many regions.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Alphabetic scripts expanded and diversified as cuneiform and Linear B palace administrations disappeared or contracted in many regions.
claim Several coastal cities persisted or recovered and became the centres of expanding Phoenician exchange networks.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Several coastal cities persisted or recovered and became the centres of expanding Phoenician exchange networks.
myth interpretation Trojan War Tradition as Composite Cultural Memory
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes or supports interpretation
The Trojan War tradition may preserve transformed memories of Late Bronze Age western Anatolian geopolitics, conflict, and destruction without corresponding to one literal war.
claim The historical importance and destruction of Troy do not establish that the Trojan War occurred in the form preserved by later Greek epic.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · proposes or supports interpretation
Supports the claim: The historical importance and destruction of Troy do not establish that the Trojan War occurred in the form preserved by later Greek epic.
myth interpretation Literal Historicity of the Homeric Trojan War
Evidence confidence: low
informs · proposes or supports interpretation
This interpretation treats the later epic war as a substantially accurate memory of one Late Bronze Age conflict at Troy.
date assertion Continuity and Reorientation of Levantine Coastal Cities into Phoenician Polities — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides context · Mediterranean recovery context
event Continuity and Reorientation of Levantine Coastal Cities into Phoenician Polities
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides context · Mediterranean recovery context
Source relationship recorded for Continuity and Reorientation of Levantine Coastal Cities into Phoenician Polities.
event Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions
Evidence confidence: low
informs · provides context · Bronze Age survivals and Iron Age setting
Source relationship recorded for Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions.
date assertion Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions — date assertion
Evidence confidence: low
informs · provides context · Bronze Age survivals and Iron Age setting
date assertion Dissolution of the Mycenaean Palatial Administrative System — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · supports · early chapters
date assertion Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · supports · recovery chapters
date assertion Expansion of Iron Production and Use — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · supports · technology chapters
date assertion Expansion of Alphabetic Writing — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · supports · writing and recovery synthesis
event Expansion of Iron Production and Use
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports · technology chapters
Source relationship recorded for Expansion of Iron Production and Use.
event Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports · recovery chapters
Source relationship recorded for Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange.
event Expansion of Alphabetic Writing
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports · writing and recovery synthesis
Source relationship recorded for Expansion of Alphabetic Writing.
claim Expansion of Alphabetic Writing is best dated in this release to 12th–8th centuries BCE.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Expansion of Alphabetic Writing is best dated in this release to 12th–8th centuries BCE.
claim Expansion of Iron Production and Use is best dated in this release to 12th–8th centuries BCE.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Expansion of Iron Production and Use is best dated in this release to 12th–8th centuries BCE.
claim Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange is best dated in this release to approximately 1050–800 BCE.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange is best dated in this release to approximately 1050–800 BCE.
event Dissolution of the Mycenaean Palatial Administrative System
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · early chapters
Source relationship recorded for Dissolution of the Mycenaean Palatial Administrative System.
claim Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions is best dated in this release to approximately 8th–7th centuries BCE.
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions is best dated in this release to approximately 8th–7th centuries BCE.
claim The expansion of iron use was gradual and is better treated as part of the Early Iron Age transformation than as a singular trigger of the c.1200 crises.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: The expansion of iron use was gradual and is better treated as part of the Early Iron Age transformation than as a singular trigger of the c.1200 crises.
property assignment Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange — has property — Post-Crisis Recovery and Reconfiguration
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Mediterranean connectivity recovered in new configurations through the Early Iron Age.
property assignment Odyssey — composition belongs to period — Early Iron Age
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The surviving epic reached written/compositional form in the Early Iron Age or Archaic period, while drawing on older oral material.
property assignment Iliad — composition belongs to period — Early Iron Age
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The surviving epic reached written/compositional form in the Early Iron Age or Archaic period, while drawing on older oral material.
property assignment Trojan War Tradition — has property — Cultural-Memory Hypothesis
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Some elements may preserve transformed memories of Late Bronze Age western Anatolian geopolitics, while the tradition also contains later layers.
property assignment Troy — possibly associated with — Possible Trojan War Association
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Troy was a major fortified western Anatolian settlement and is widely investigated as a possible historical substrate for later Trojan War traditions.
property assignment Mycenaean Palatial System — belongs to period — Late Bronze Age
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports assignment
The Mycenaean palatial system flourished in the Late Bronze Age.
property assignment Mycenaean Palatial System — underwent — Administrative Collapse
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Palatial administration and Linear B bureaucratic systems ceased at different centres during the late thirteenth and twelfth centuries BCE.
property assignment Destruction of Troy VIIa — has research status — Chronology Disputed
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The date materially depends on competing chronological, ceramic, textual, or archaeological models.
property assignment Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions — has classification — Contextual Event
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
This event is included to reconstruct the wider contemporary system or later memory layer without presuming direct causation.
relationship Expansion of Iron Production and Use — did not initiate — Dissolution of the Mycenaean Palatial Administrative System
Unsupported explanationConfidence in this assessment: highConfidence in this assessment, not in the proposed story
supports · supports causal relationship
The major expansion of iron production and use is largely later than the first palatial destructions and cannot serve as a universal initiating shock.
entity Phoenician City-States
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Phoenician City-States.
entity Iliad
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Iliad.
entity Odyssey
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Odyssey.
entity Aegean
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Aegean.
entity Mycenaean Palatial System
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Mycenaean Palatial System.
causal hypothesis Iron Technology as the Principal Trigger
Unsupported explanationConfidence in this assessment, not in the proposed story
supports · supports model component
Supports one or more evidential components of Iron Technology as the Principal Trigger.
property Post-Crisis Recovery and Reconfiguration
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Post-Crisis Recovery and Reconfiguration.
property Cultural-Memory Hypothesis
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Cultural-Memory Hypothesis.
property Possible Trojan War Association
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Possible Trojan War Association.
property Transformed Polity
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Transformed Polity.
property Administrative Collapse
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Administrative Collapse.
property Mycenaean World
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Mycenaean World.
property Early Iron Age
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Early Iron Age.
relationship Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange — occurred in — Eastern Mediterranean
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange is geographically assigned to Eastern Mediterranean.
relationship Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange — occurred in — Po Valley
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange is geographically assigned to Po Valley.
relationship Bronze-Metal Exchange Networks — participated in — Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Bronze-Metal Exchange Networks is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange.
relationship Phoenician City-States — participated in — Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Phoenician City-States is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange.
relationship Frattesina — participated in — Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Frattesina is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Recovery and Reconfiguration of Mediterranean Maritime Exchange.
relationship Iliad — participated in — Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports relationship
Iliad is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions.
relationship Odyssey — participated in — Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports relationship
Odyssey is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions.
relationship Trojan War Tradition — participated in — Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports relationship
Trojan War Tradition is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions.
relationship Trojan Horse — participated in — Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports relationship
Trojan Horse is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Composition and Stabilization of Homeric Epic Traditions.
relationship Iliad — literary expression of — Trojan War Tradition
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports relationship
The Iliad is a major literary expression of the Trojan War tradition, although it does not narrate the Wooden Horse episode.
relationship Odyssey — literary aftermath of — Trojan War Tradition
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports relationship
The Odyssey presents a return narrative situated after the Trojan War and contains references to the Wooden Horse.
relationship Trojan War Tradition — possibly preserves memory of — Destruction of Troy VIIa
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports relationship
Troy VIIa is one candidate archaeological horizon for conflict-related memory, but no direct chain from destruction to epic narrative is established.
relationship Phoenician City-States — located in — Northern Levant
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Phoenician City-States is located in or geographically associated with Northern Levant.
relationship Continuity and Reorientation of Levantine Coastal Cities into Phoenician Polities — occurred in — Northern Levant
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Continuity and Reorientation of Levantine Coastal Cities into Phoenician Polities is geographically assigned to Northern Levant.
relationship Mycenaean Palatial System — located in — Aegean
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Mycenaean Palatial System is located in or geographically associated with Aegean.
relationship Aegean — part of — Eastern Mediterranean
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Aegean is represented as part of Eastern Mediterranean.
relationship Dissolution of the Mycenaean Palatial Administrative System — affected — Mycenaean Palatial System
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Dissolution of the Mycenaean Palatial Administrative System directly affected Mycenaean Palatial System in this reconstruction.
relationship Dissolution of the Mycenaean Palatial Administrative System — occurred in — Aegean
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Dissolution of the Mycenaean Palatial Administrative System is geographically assigned to Aegean.
relationship Phoenician City-States — participated in — Continuity and Reorientation of Levantine Coastal Cities into Phoenician Polities
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Phoenician City-States is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Continuity and Reorientation of Levantine Coastal Cities into Phoenician Polities.
relationship Expansion of Alphabetic Writing — occurred in — Eastern Mediterranean
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Expansion of Alphabetic Writing is geographically assigned to Eastern Mediterranean.
relationship Expansion of Iron Production and Use — occurred in — Eastern Mediterranean
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Expansion of Iron Production and Use is geographically assigned to Eastern Mediterranean.