Bronze Age World

Reading ancient testimony

Ask who produced the document, for whom, and for what purpose. Distinguish its ancient creation from its modern edition or translation. Survival and excavation shape what can be read today.

Use the linked edition and reliability notes for the author, audience, transmission and limits of this particular source. Missing information is not an assurance of neutrality.

Document and modern access

Type: journal_article_and_isotope_dataset
Publication: PLOS ONE, vol. 15, no. 7, e0235414

Open DOI or stable record (opens in a new tab)

Records informed by this source

relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides isotope evidence · Results and discussion of pre-Hyksos mobility
Supports long-term migration and sex-balanced/non-single-event complexity.
property Multicultural community
Evidence confidence: high
supports · defines and contextualizes · Avaris mobility and interpretive limits
Supports the definition and its limits.
geography assertion Avaris / Tell el-Dab'a — geography assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · locates · Tell el-Dab'a/Avaris study location; rounded representative point
Supports the representative location and named-place identification.
myth interpretation Hyksos as a sudden homogeneous mass invasion
Unsupported explanationConfidence in this assessment: highConfidence in this assessment, not in the proposed story
supports · provides counterevidence · Pre-Hyksos mobility results
Supports long-term migration.
relationship Research record — proposed memory of
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides counterevidence · Pre-Hyksos mobility results
Supports long-term migration.
relationship Research record — proposed memory of
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides counterevidence · Pre-Hyksos mobility results
Supports long-term migration.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides counterevidence · Pre-Hyksos mobility results
Supports long-term migration.
date assertion Long-term growth of multicultural communities at Avaris — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides isotope evidence · Results and discussion of pre-Hyksos mobility
Supports long-term migration and sex-balanced/non-single-event complexity.
event Long-term growth of multicultural communities at Avaris
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides isotope evidence · Results and discussion of pre-Hyksos mobility
Supports long-term migration and sex-balanced/non-single-event complexity.
relationship Long-term growth of multicultural communities at Avaris — occurred at or involved — Avaris / Tell el-Dab'a
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides isotope evidence · Results and discussion of pre-Hyksos mobility
Supports long-term migration and sex-balanced/non-single-event complexity.
relationship Avaris communities before and during Hyksos rule — involved or associated with — Long-term growth of multicultural communities at Avaris
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides isotope evidence · Results and discussion of pre-Hyksos mobility
Supports long-term migration and sex-balanced/non-single-event complexity.
property assignment Avaris / Tell el-Dab'a — classified as — Multicultural community
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment · Relevant evidence and interpretation
Supports analytical assignment.
causal hypothesis Hyksos kingship as local power formation within long-term migration
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports chronology test · Pre-Hyksos and Hyksos isotope results
Supports long-term migration.
claim Hyksos rule at Avaris did not begin with evidence for one sudden, homogeneous foreign invasion replacing the Delta population.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports claim · Strontium results and discussion
Supports the claim and its qualifications.
claim ‘Hyksos’ is a royal and historiographic label, not a biological race or one securely uniform ethnicity.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports claim · Isotope interpretation limits
Supports the claim and its qualifications.
claim Modern racial categories cannot be projected as fixed biological ownership claims onto all ancient Egyptian populations.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · supports claim · Mobility versus ethnicity limits
Supports the claim and its qualifications.
entity Avaris communities before and during Hyksos rule
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity · Relevant discussion or corpus description
Supports the entity and its interpretive limits.
date assertion Avaris communities before and during Hyksos rule — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity · Relevant discussion or corpus description
Supports the entity and its interpretive limits.
ranked model modelset_egyfull_hyksos_formation
supports · supports ranking · Results and discussion
Supports pre-Hyksos mobility.
relationship Avaris communities before and during Hyksos rule — inhabited — Avaris / Tell el-Dab'a
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship · Avaris isotope sample and context
Supports the relationship and its qualifications.
entity Avaris / Tell el-Dab'a
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports site history · Site or regional discussion
Supports the place, phase and interpretive caution.
date assertion Avaris / Tell el-Dab'a — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports site history · Site or regional discussion
Supports the place, phase and interpretive caution.