Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: edited academic volume
Publication: Society of Biblical Literature
Peer reviewed: Yes

Open DOI or stable record (opens in a new tab)

Records informed by this source

claim Medinet Habu’s inscriptions and reliefs portray Ramesses III defeating named groups in land and naval engagements.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Medinet Habu’s inscriptions and reliefs portray Ramesses III defeating named groups in land and naval engagements.
date assertion Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes · multiple chapters
event Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes · multiple chapters
Source relationship recorded for Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations.
claim New cultural configurations emerged in parts of the southern coastal Levant through a mixture of migration, local continuity and identity formation.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: New cultural configurations emerged in parts of the southern coastal Levant through a mixture of migration, local continuity and identity formation.
date assertion Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · reviews · Sea Peoples studies
event Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
informs · reviews · Sea Peoples studies
Source relationship recorded for Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
claim The association of the Egyptian Peleset with early Philistines is plausible and widely used, but it remains an identification across textual, linguistic and archaeological categ…
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: The association of the Egyptian Peleset with early Philistines is plausible and widely used, but it remains an identification across textual, linguistic and archaeological categories rather than a literal equality.
claim Sea Peoples is a modern umbrella for source-specific named groups and does not establish one ethnicity, homeland, polity, or coordinated migration.
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: ‘Sea Peoples’ is a modern scholarly umbrella for several differently attested names and should not be represented as a demonstrated single ethnicity, state, nation or unified population.
claim Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations is best dated in this release to 12th century BCE.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations is best dated in this release to 12th century BCE.
property assignment Tjeker — modern scholars classify as — Sea Peoples
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Tjeker is conventionally included in modern Sea Peoples discussions because the name occurs in relevant Egyptian conflict records.
property assignment Sea Peoples — is a — Modern Scholarly Umbrella
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports assignment
The Sea Peoples label is a modern scholarly umbrella for several ancient names rather than a demonstrated single ethnicity or polity.
property assignment Philistine City System — belongs to period — Early Iron Age
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The Philistine city system emerged in the southern Levant during the Early Iron Age.
property assignment Peleset — modern scholars classify as — Sea Peoples
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Peleset is conventionally included in modern Sea Peoples discussions because the name occurs in relevant Egyptian conflict records.
property assignment Peleset — source describes as — Group Named in Egyptian Records
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The name Peleset is attested in Egyptian textual evidence, though transliteration and identification questions remain.
property assignment Tjeker — source describes as — Group Named in Egyptian Records
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The name Tjeker is attested in Egyptian textual evidence, though transliteration and identification questions remain.
property assignment Sherden — modern scholars classify as — Sea Peoples
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Sherden is conventionally included in modern Sea Peoples discussions because the name occurs in relevant Egyptian conflict records.
property assignment Sherden — source describes as — Group Named in Egyptian Records
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The name Sherden is attested in Egyptian textual evidence, though transliteration and identification questions remain.
property assignment Shekelesh — modern scholars classify as — Sea Peoples
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Shekelesh is conventionally included in modern Sea Peoples discussions because the name occurs in relevant Egyptian conflict records.
property assignment Shekelesh — source describes as — Group Named in Egyptian Records
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The name Shekelesh is attested in Egyptian textual evidence, though transliteration and identification questions remain.
property assignment Denyen — modern scholars classify as — Sea Peoples
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Denyen is conventionally included in modern Sea Peoples discussions because the name occurs in relevant Egyptian conflict records.
property assignment Denyen — source describes as — Group Named in Egyptian Records
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The name Denyen is attested in Egyptian textual evidence, though transliteration and identification questions remain.
property assignment Weshesh — modern scholars classify as — Sea Peoples
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Weshesh is conventionally included in modern Sea Peoples discussions because the name occurs in relevant Egyptian conflict records.
property assignment Weshesh — source describes as — Group Named in Egyptian Records
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The name Weshesh is attested in Egyptian textual evidence, though transliteration and identification questions remain.
property assignment Lukka — modern scholars classify as — Sea Peoples
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Lukka is conventionally included in modern Sea Peoples discussions because the name occurs in relevant Egyptian conflict records.
property assignment Lukka — source describes as — Group Named in Egyptian Records
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The name Lukka is attested in Egyptian textual evidence, though transliteration and identification questions remain.
property assignment Peleset — possibly associated with — Possible Migrant Population
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Migration is one credible component of Peleset/Philistine formation, but scale, origin, and relationship to local populations remain debated.
entity Tjeker
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Tjeker.
entity Peleset
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Peleset.
entity Southern Levant
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Southern Levant.
entity Ashkelon
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Ashkelon.
entity Philistines
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Philistines.
entity Weshesh
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Weshesh.
entity Denyen
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Denyen.
entity Philistine City System
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Philistine City System.
causal hypothesis Migration and Warfare-Dominated Collapse
supports · supports model component
Supports one or more evidential components of Migration and Warfare-Dominated Collapse.
causal hypothesis Unified Sea Peoples Invasion
Unsupported explanationConfidence in this assessment, not in the proposed story
supports · supports model component
Supports one or more evidential components of Unified Sea Peoples Invasion.
property Possible Migrant Population
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Possible Migrant Population.
property Sea Peoples
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Sea Peoples.
property Modern Scholarly Umbrella
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Modern Scholarly Umbrella.
relationship Peleset — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Peleset is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
relationship Tjeker — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Tjeker is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
relationship Shekelesh — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Shekelesh is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
relationship Denyen — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Denyen is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
relationship Weshesh — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Weshesh is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
relationship Medinet Habu Year 8 Inscriptions — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Medinet Habu Year 8 Inscriptions is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
relationship Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations — occurred in — Ashkelon
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations is geographically assigned to Ashkelon.
relationship Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations — occurred in — Southern Levant
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations is geographically assigned to Southern Levant.
relationship Philistines — participated in — Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Philistines is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations.
relationship Philistine City System — participated in — Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Philistine City System is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations.
relationship Peleset — possibly identified as — Philistines
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
The Peleset are commonly associated with the Philistines through name, chronology, and southern Levantine context.
relationship Sherden — not identified with — Po Valley
Unsupported explanationConfidence in this assessment: very lowConfidence in this assessment, not in the proposed story
supports · supports relationship
No relationship to the Po Valley is asserted in this release; broader Sherden-Sardinia proposals require a separate sourced entity and claim.
relationship Southern Levant — part of — Eastern Mediterranean
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Southern Levant is represented as part of Eastern Mediterranean.
relationship Philistine City System — located in — Southern Levant
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Philistine City System is located in or geographically associated with Southern Levant.
relationship Ashkelon — located in — Southern Levant
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Ashkelon is located in or geographically associated with Southern Levant.
relationship Philistines — located in — Southern Levant
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Philistines is located in or geographically associated with Southern Levant.
relationship Ashkelon — member city of — Philistine City System
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Ashkelon became one of the principal Philistine cities in the Early Iron Age.
relationship Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu — occurred in — Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu is geographically assigned to Medinet Habu.
relationship Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu — occurred in — Egypt
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu is geographically assigned to Egypt.
relationship New Kingdom Egypt — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
New Kingdom Egypt is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.