Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: academic monograph / primary-text edition
Publication: Yale Egyptological Seminar
Peer reviewed: Yes

Open DOI or stable record (opens in a new tab)

Records informed by this source

date assertion Tehenu — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · Introduction and commentary on western names in Merneptah’s record
Provides philological and historical context for western labels.
entity Tehenu
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Introduction and commentary on western names in Merneptah’s record
Provides philological and historical context for western labels.
claim Merneptah’s Great Karnak Inscription records a Libyan-led coalition including several groups later placed under the modern Sea Peoples umbrella.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Merneptah’s Great Karnak Inscription records a Libyan-led coalition including several groups later placed under the modern Sea Peoples umbrella.
relationship Merey son of Dedy — leader of — Libu
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · provides primary evidence · Great Karnak Inscription, Year 5 narrative
Directly attests the leadership relationship.
date assertion Libu — date assertion
informs · provides primary evidence · Great Karnak Inscription, Year 5 campaign text and commentary
Attests the Libyan-led coalition and the ruler Merey.
entity Libu
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides primary evidence · Great Karnak Inscription, Year 5 campaign text and commentary
Attests the Libyan-led coalition and the ruler Merey.
date assertion Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides primary evidence · Great Karnak Inscription, Year 5
event Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides primary evidence · Great Karnak Inscription, Year 5
Source relationship recorded for Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition.
date assertion Merey son of Dedy — date assertion
informs · provides primary evidence · Great Karnak Inscription, Year 5 narrative and translation
Provides the name, patronymic, and leadership role.
entity Merey son of Dedy
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · provides primary evidence · Great Karnak Inscription, Year 5 narrative and translation
Provides the name, patronymic, and leadership role.
relationship Libu — participated in — Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · provides primary evidence · Great Karnak Inscription, Year 5 narrative
Direct primary-text attestation.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · provides primary text edition · Great Karnak Inscription, translation and commentary
Directly supports the inscription and source criticism.
relationship Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition — involved or associated with — Production of Merneptah's Great Karnak victory inscription
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · provides primary text edition · Great Karnak Inscription, translation and commentary
Directly supports the inscription and source criticism.
event Production of Merneptah's Great Karnak victory inscription
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · provides primary text edition · Great Karnak Inscription, translation and commentary
Directly supports the inscription and source criticism.
relationship Production of Merneptah's Great Karnak victory inscription — occurred at or involved — Karnak
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · provides primary text edition · Great Karnak Inscription, translation and commentary
Directly supports the inscription and source criticism.
date assertion Production of Merneptah's Great Karnak victory inscription — date assertion
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · provides primary text edition · Great Karnak Inscription, translation and commentary
Directly supports the inscription and source criticism.
relationship Merneptah — involved or associated with — Production of Merneptah's Great Karnak victory inscription
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · provides primary text edition · Great Karnak Inscription, translation and commentary
Directly supports the inscription and source criticism.
date assertion Merneptah — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides regnal attestation · Ruler chronology and attested Year 10
Supports the regnal-year minimum and chronology caution.
claim Egyptian records of Libyan wars establish military coalitions and captured or settled people, but do not by themselves prove migration by entire peoples.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · Great Karnak Inscription and genre discussion
Supports the coalition while exposing the source’s rhetorical form.
claim Libu, Meshwesh, Tjemehu, and Tehenu should be represented as source-dependent ancient labels, not as fixed ethnic territories.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · Great Karnak Inscription edition and commentary
Shows one context-specific list and coalition.
claim Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition is best dated in this release to approximately 1208 BCE.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition is best dated in this release to approximately 1208 BCE.
claim Sea Peoples is a modern umbrella for source-specific named groups and does not establish one ethnicity, homeland, polity, or coordinated migration.
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: ‘Sea Peoples’ is a modern scholarly umbrella for several differently attested names and should not be represented as a demonstrated single ethnicity, state, nation or unified population.
property assignment Shekelesh — source describes as — Group Named in Egyptian Records
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The name Shekelesh is attested in Egyptian textual evidence, though transliteration and identification questions remain.
property assignment Ekwesh — modern scholars classify as — Sea Peoples
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Ekwesh is conventionally included in modern Sea Peoples discussions because the name occurs in relevant Egyptian conflict records.
property assignment Ekwesh — source describes as — Group Named in Egyptian Records
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The name Ekwesh is attested in Egyptian textual evidence, though transliteration and identification questions remain.
property assignment Teresh — modern scholars classify as — Sea Peoples
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Teresh is conventionally included in modern Sea Peoples discussions because the name occurs in relevant Egyptian conflict records.
property assignment Teresh — source describes as — Group Named in Egyptian Records
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The name Teresh is attested in Egyptian textual evidence, though transliteration and identification questions remain.
property assignment Lukka — modern scholars classify as — Sea Peoples
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Lukka is conventionally included in modern Sea Peoples discussions because the name occurs in relevant Egyptian conflict records.
property assignment Lukka — source describes as — Group Named in Egyptian Records
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The name Lukka is attested in Egyptian textual evidence, though transliteration and identification questions remain.
property assignment Shekelesh — modern scholars classify as — Sea Peoples
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Shekelesh is conventionally included in modern Sea Peoples discussions because the name occurs in relevant Egyptian conflict records.
property assignment Sherden — source describes as — Group Named in Egyptian Records
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The name Sherden is attested in Egyptian textual evidence, though transliteration and identification questions remain.
property assignment Sherden — modern scholars classify as — Sea Peoples
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Sherden is conventionally included in modern Sea Peoples discussions because the name occurs in relevant Egyptian conflict records.
property assignment Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah — has property — Primary Textual Evidence
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The inscription is a primary Egyptian record for Merneptah's Year 5 campaign and named groups.
property assignment New Kingdom Egypt — is a — New Kingdom Egypt
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports assignment
The polity is the New Kingdom Egyptian state itself.
entity Lukka
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Lukka.
entity Egypt
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Egypt.
entity New Kingdom Egypt
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of New Kingdom Egypt.
entity Sherden
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Sherden.
entity Shekelesh
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Shekelesh.
entity Ekwesh
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Ekwesh.
entity Teresh
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Teresh.
entity Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah.
causal hypothesis Unified Sea Peoples Invasion
Unsupported explanationConfidence in this assessment, not in the proposed story
supports · supports model component
Supports one or more evidential components of Unified Sea Peoples Invasion.
causal hypothesis Migration and Warfare-Dominated Collapse
supports · supports model component
Supports one or more evidential components of Migration and Warfare-Dominated Collapse.
property New Kingdom Egypt
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property New Kingdom Egypt.
property Sea Peoples
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Sea Peoples.
property Primary Textual Evidence
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Primary Textual Evidence.
property Group Named in Egyptian Records
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Group Named in Egyptian Records.
relationship Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah — participated in — Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition.
relationship Shekelesh — participated in — Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Shekelesh is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition.
relationship Sherden — participated in — Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Sherden is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition.
relationship Lukka — participated in — Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Lukka is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition.
relationship Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah — names — Sherden
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
The Great Karnak Inscription names Sherden in the context of Merneptah's Year 5 conflict.
relationship Ekwesh — participated in — Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Ekwesh is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition.
relationship New Kingdom Egypt — participated in — Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
New Kingdom Egypt is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition.
relationship Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition — occurred in — Egypt
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition is geographically assigned to Egypt.
relationship Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah — located in — Egypt
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah is located in or geographically associated with Egypt.
relationship New Kingdom Egypt — located in — Egypt
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
New Kingdom Egypt is located in or geographically associated with Egypt.
relationship Teresh — participated in — Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Teresh is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition.
relationship Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah — names — Shekelesh
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
The Great Karnak Inscription names Shekelesh in the context of Merneptah's Year 5 conflict.
relationship Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah — records — Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports relationship
Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah is a primary textual source for Merneptah’s Year 5 Conflict with a Libyan-Led Coalition.
relationship Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah — names — Lukka
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
The Great Karnak Inscription names Lukka in the context of Merneptah's Year 5 conflict.
relationship Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah — names — Teresh
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
The Great Karnak Inscription names Teresh in the context of Merneptah's Year 5 conflict.
relationship Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah — names — Ekwesh
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
The Great Karnak Inscription names Ekwesh in the context of Merneptah's Year 5 conflict.
entity Merneptah
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler and reign context · Ruler/period discussion
Supports inclusion, approximate reign and historical significance.
date assertion Merneptah — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler and reign context · Ruler/period discussion
Supports inclusion, approximate reign and historical significance.
relationship Merneptah — ruled or claimed kingship in — New Kingdom Egypt
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler relationship · Ruler and period discussion
Supports kingship assignment and chronology.