Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: academic monograph
Publication: Lockwood Press
Peer reviewed: Yes

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causal hypothesis Eastern Mediterranean Earthquake-Storm Collapse
contradicts · challenges model
Provides evidence or reasoning against Eastern Mediterranean Earthquake-Storm Collapse.
causal hypothesis Unified Sea Peoples Invasion
Unsupported explanationConfidence in this assessment, not in the proposed story
contradicts · challenges model
Provides evidence or reasoning against Unified Sea Peoples Invasion.
causal hypothesis Migration and Warfare-Dominated Collapse
contradicts · challenges model
Provides evidence or reasoning against Migration and Warfare-Dominated Collapse.
date assertion Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · Cyprus chapter
event Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · Cyprus chapter
Source relationship recorded for Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro.
claim The palace at Mycenae was destroyed, but the date is broader and less synchronized than a single 1200 BCE horizon suggests.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: The palace at Mycenae was destroyed, but the date is broader and less synchronized than a single 1200 BCE horizon suggests.
event Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · mainland Greece chapter
Source relationship recorded for Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns.
claim Kition underwent major rebuilding and cultural change without a securely demonstrated terminal violent destruction.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Kition underwent major rebuilding and cultural change without a securely demonstrated terminal violent destruction.
claim A major fire ended the palatial phase at Tiryns; warfare or deliberate arson is plausible but not certain.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: A major fire ended the palatial phase at Tiryns; warfare or deliberate arson is plausible but not certain.
event Burning and Abandonment at Gla
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · mainland Greece chapter
Source relationship recorded for Burning and Abandonment at Gla.
claim Gla was burned and abandoned before or around the terminal palatial transformations.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Gla was burned and abandoned before or around the terminal palatial transformations.
date assertion Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · mainland Greece chapter
claim Pylos was violently destroyed, but a revised synchronization places the final palace later than the standard circa-1200 date.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Pylos was violently destroyed, but a revised synchronization places the final palace later than the standard circa-1200 date.
date assertion Burning and Abandonment at Gla — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · mainland Greece chapter
claim Hattusa appears to have been emptied by the royal administration before parts of the city were later burned.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Hattusa appears to have been emptied by the royal administration before parts of the city were later burned.
claim Parts of Hattusa burned after the administrative centre had already been emptied.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Parts of Hattusa burned after the administrative centre had already been emptied.
claim Cyprus experienced uneven destructions, abandonments, rebuilding, migration and hybridization rather than uniform conquest or collapse.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Cyprus experienced uneven destructions, abandonments, rebuilding, migration and hybridization rather than uniform conquest or collapse.
event Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · mainland Greece chapter
Source relationship recorded for Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos.
claim A destruction ended one occupational floor at Maa-Palaeokastro, followed by rebuilding rather than permanent disappearance.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: A destruction ended one occupational floor at Maa-Palaeokastro, followed by rebuilding rather than permanent disappearance.
date assertion Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · mainland Greece chapter
claim A major destruction ended the Troy VIh phase; earthquake damage has often been proposed.
Evidence confidence: low
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: A major destruction ended the Troy VIh phase; earthquake damage has often been proposed.
claim Troy VIIa ended in a destructive event often considered the strongest archaeological candidate for a historical conflict behind later Trojan War traditions.
Evidence confidence: low
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Troy VIIa ended in a destructive event often considered the strongest archaeological candidate for a historical conflict behind later Trojan War traditions.
chronology model Broad Troy VIIa destruction chronology
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides or supports date model
Supports or discusses the chronology model Broad Troy VIIa destruction chronology.
date assertion Destruction of Troy VIIa — date assertion
Evidence confidence: low
informs · reviews · Troy audit
event Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · reviews · Anatolia chapter
Source relationship recorded for Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa.
event Later Burning at Hattusa
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · reviews · Anatolia chapter
Source relationship recorded for Later Burning at Hattusa.
event Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · reviews · Cyprus audit
Source relationship recorded for Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition.
date assertion Destruction of Troy VIh — date assertion
Evidence confidence: low
informs · reviews · Troy/site audit
event Destruction of Troy VIIa
Evidence confidence: low
informs · reviews · Troy audit
Source relationship recorded for Destruction of Troy VIIa.
event Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization
Evidence confidence: high
informs · reviews · Cyprus chapter
Source relationship recorded for Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization.
event Final Destruction of the Palace at Mycenae
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · reviews · mainland Greece chapter
Source relationship recorded for Final Destruction of the Palace at Mycenae.
event Destruction of Troy VIh
Evidence confidence: low
informs · reviews · Troy/site audit
Source relationship recorded for Destruction of Troy VIh.
date assertion Final Destruction of the Palace at Mycenae — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · reviews · mainland Greece chapter
date assertion Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · reviews · Anatolia chapter
date assertion Later Burning at Hattusa — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · reviews · Anatolia chapter
date assertion Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · reviews · Cyprus chapter
date assertion Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · reviews · Cyprus audit
claim Earthquakes may explain particular destruction episodes, but the broad earthquake-storm model has weak overall fit after chronology and destruction claims are re-audited.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Earthquakes may explain particular destruction episodes, but the broad earthquake-storm model has weak overall fit after chronology and destruction claims are re-audited.
claim Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns is best dated in this release to end of LH IIIB / transition to LH IIIC.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns is best dated in this release to end of LH IIIB / transition to LH IIIC.
claim Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos is best dated in this release to competing models: around 1200 BCE or LH IIIC Early, 1190/80–1150 BCE.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos is best dated in this release to competing models: around 1200 BCE or LH IIIC Early, 1190/80–1150 BCE.
claim Burning and Abandonment at Gla is best dated in this release to late LH IIIB.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Burning and Abandonment at Gla is best dated in this release to late LH IIIB.
claim Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro is best dated in this release to around the Late Cypriot IIC–IIIA transition.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro is best dated in this release to around the Late Cypriot IIC–IIIA transition.
claim There was no single, securely demonstrated, synchronous destruction horizon spanning the entire eastern Mediterranean around 1200 BCE.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: There was no single, securely demonstrated, synchronous destruction horizon spanning the entire eastern Mediterranean around 1200 BCE.
claim Hattusa’s royal-administrative centre was emptied before later burning, so its terminal fire should not be treated automatically as the event that destroyed the Hittite state.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Hattusa’s royal-administrative centre was emptied before later burning, so its terminal fire should not be treated automatically as the event that destroyed the Hittite state.
claim Cyprus’s transition is better described as uneven continuity, migration, violence, rebuilding and hybridization than as uniform conquest by a single migrant population.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Cyprus’s transition is better described as uneven continuity, migration, violence, rebuilding and hybridization than as uniform conquest by a single migrant population.
property assignment Destruction of Troy VIh — is a — Destruction Horizon
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports assignment
Destruction of Troy VIh is represented as a destruction-related archaeological event; cause and synchronism are modeled separately.
property assignment Destruction of Troy VIh — has research status — Cause Unknown
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The event is better established than a single definitive cause or attacker identity.
property assignment Final Destruction of the Palace at Mycenae — is a — Destruction Horizon
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Final Destruction of the Palace at Mycenae is represented as a destruction-related archaeological event; cause and synchronism are modeled separately.
property assignment Final Destruction of the Palace at Mycenae — has research status — Cause Unknown
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The event is better established than a single definitive cause or attacker identity.
property assignment Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns — is a — Destruction Horizon
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns is represented as a destruction-related archaeological event; cause and synchronism are modeled separately.
property assignment Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns — has research status — Cause Unknown
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The event is better established than a single definitive cause or attacker identity.
property assignment Burning and Abandonment at Gla — is a — Destruction Horizon
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Burning and Abandonment at Gla is represented as a destruction-related archaeological event; cause and synchronism are modeled separately.
property assignment Burning and Abandonment at Gla — has research status — Cause Unknown
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The event is better established than a single definitive cause or attacker identity.
property assignment Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos — is a — Destruction Horizon
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos is represented as a destruction-related archaeological event; cause and synchronism are modeled separately.
property assignment Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos — has research status — Cause Unknown
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The event is better established than a single definitive cause or attacker identity.
property assignment Later Burning at Hattusa — is a — Destruction Horizon
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Later Burning at Hattusa is represented as a destruction-related archaeological event; cause and synchronism are modeled separately.
property assignment Later Burning at Hattusa — has research status — Cause Unknown
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The event is better established than a single definitive cause or attacker identity.
property assignment Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro — is a — Destruction Horizon
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro is represented as a destruction-related archaeological event; cause and synchronism are modeled separately.
property assignment Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro — has research status — Cause Unknown
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The event is better established than a single definitive cause or attacker identity.
property assignment Destruction of Troy VIIa — is a — Destruction Horizon
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports assignment
Destruction of Troy VIIa is represented as a destruction-related archaeological event; cause and synchronism are modeled separately.
property assignment Destruction of Troy VIIa — has research status — Cause Unknown
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The event is better established than a single definitive cause or attacker identity.
property assignment Of 153 proposed destruction episodes around 1200 BCE audited by Millek, 94 (61%) were classified as misdated, assumed, or repeated through unsupported citation chains. — has property — Historiographic Reassessment
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
This claim revises or audits a conventional collapse narrative using explicit chronological and evidential reassessment.
property assignment There was no single, securely demonstrated, synchronous destruction horizon spanning the entire eastern Mediterranean around 1200 BCE. — has property — Historiographic Reassessment
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
This claim revises or audits a conventional collapse narrative using explicit chronological and evidential reassessment.
relationship Destruction of Troy VIh — does not establish general cause of — Dissolution of the Mycenaean Palatial Administrative System
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports causal relationship
Possible seismic damage at one site does not establish an eastern Mediterranean-wide earthquake storm as the main cause of political collapse.
entity Gla
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Gla.
entity Maa-Palaeokastro
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Maa-Palaeokastro.
causal hypothesis Multiple Largely Independent Regional Crises
supports · supports model component
Supports one or more evidential components of Multiple Largely Independent Regional Crises.
causal hypothesis Regionally Asynchronous Multi-Causal Network Transformation
supports · supports model component
Supports one or more evidential components of Regionally Asynchronous Multi-Causal Network Transformation.
property Historiographic Reassessment
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Historiographic Reassessment.
property Destruction Horizon
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Destruction Horizon.
property Violent Destruction
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Violent Destruction.
property Abandonment
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Abandonment.
property Cause Unknown
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Cause Unknown.
claim Of 153 proposed destruction episodes around 1200 BCE audited by Millek, 94 (61%) were classified as misdated, assumed, or repeated through unsupported citation chains.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports reassessment
Supports the claim: Of 153 proposed destruction episodes around 1200 BCE audited by Millek, 94 (61%) were classified as misdated, assumed, or repeated through unsupported citation chains.
relationship Destruction of Troy VIIa — affected — Troy
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports relationship
Destruction of Troy VIIa directly affected Troy in this reconstruction.
relationship Gla — located in — Aegean
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Gla is located in or geographically associated with Aegean.
relationship Maa-Palaeokastro — located in — Cyprus
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Maa-Palaeokastro is located in or geographically associated with Cyprus.
relationship Destruction of Troy VIh — occurred in — Troy
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports relationship
Destruction of Troy VIh is geographically assigned to Troy.
relationship Destruction of Troy VIh — affected — Troy
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports relationship
Destruction of Troy VIh directly affected Troy in this reconstruction.
relationship Final Destruction of the Palace at Mycenae — occurred in — Mycenae
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Final Destruction of the Palace at Mycenae is geographically assigned to Mycenae.
relationship Final Destruction of the Palace at Mycenae — affected — Mycenae
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Final Destruction of the Palace at Mycenae directly affected Mycenae in this reconstruction.
relationship Final Destruction of the Palace at Mycenae — affected — Mycenaean Palatial System
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Final Destruction of the Palace at Mycenae directly affected Mycenaean Palatial System in this reconstruction.
relationship Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns — occurred in — Tiryns
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns is geographically assigned to Tiryns.
relationship Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns — affected — Tiryns
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns directly affected Tiryns in this reconstruction.
relationship Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns — affected — Mycenaean Palatial System
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Destruction of the Palace at Tiryns directly affected Mycenaean Palatial System in this reconstruction.
relationship Burning and Abandonment at Gla — occurred in — Gla
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Burning and Abandonment at Gla is geographically assigned to Gla.
relationship Burning and Abandonment at Gla — affected — Gla
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Burning and Abandonment at Gla directly affected Gla in this reconstruction.
relationship Burning and Abandonment at Gla — affected — Mycenaean Palatial System
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Burning and Abandonment at Gla directly affected Mycenaean Palatial System in this reconstruction.
relationship Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos — occurred in — Pylos
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos is geographically assigned to Pylos.
relationship Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos — affected — Pylos
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos directly affected Pylos in this reconstruction.
relationship Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos — affected — Mycenaean Palatial System
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Final Destruction of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos directly affected Mycenaean Palatial System in this reconstruction.
relationship Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa — occurred in — Hattusa
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa is geographically assigned to Hattusa.
relationship Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa — affected — Hattusa
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa directly affected Hattusa in this reconstruction.
relationship Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa — affected — Hittite Empire
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa directly affected Hittite Empire in this reconstruction.
relationship Later Burning at Hattusa — occurred in — Hattusa
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Later Burning at Hattusa is geographically assigned to Hattusa.
relationship Later Burning at Hattusa — affected — Hattusa
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Later Burning at Hattusa directly affected Hattusa in this reconstruction.
relationship Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization — occurred in — Cyprus
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization is geographically assigned to Cyprus.
relationship Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization — affected — Cyprus
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization directly affected Cyprus in this reconstruction.
relationship Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro — occurred in — Maa-Palaeokastro
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro is geographically assigned to Maa-Palaeokastro.
relationship Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro — affected — Maa-Palaeokastro
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro directly affected Maa-Palaeokastro in this reconstruction.
relationship Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition — occurred in — Kition
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition is geographically assigned to Kition.
relationship Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition — affected — Kition
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition directly affected Kition in this reconstruction.
relationship Destruction of Troy VIIa — occurred in — Troy
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports relationship
Destruction of Troy VIIa is geographically assigned to Troy.
relationship Destruction of Troy VIIa — affected — Trojan War Tradition
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports relationship
Destruction of Troy VIIa directly affected Trojan War Tradition in this reconstruction.
claim The best-current reconstruction is a regionally asynchronous, multi-causal transformation in which local shocks and conflicts interacted with institutional fragility and, in som…
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports synthesis
Supports the claim: The best-current reconstruction is a regionally asynchronous, multi-causal transformation in which local shocks and conflicts interacted with institutional fragility and, in some regions, wider network disruption.