Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: journal article
Publication: Journal of Archaeological Research, vol. 31, 331–394
Peer reviewed: Yes

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Records informed by this source

causal hypothesis Iron Technology as the Principal Trigger
Unsupported explanationConfidence in this assessment, not in the proposed story
contradicts · challenges model
Provides evidence or reasoning against Iron Technology as the Principal Trigger.
causal hypothesis Direct Steppe-to-Eastern-Mediterranean Migration Chain
contradicts · challenges model
Provides evidence or reasoning against Direct Steppe-to-Eastern-Mediterranean Migration Chain.
causal hypothesis Volcanic Forcing as the Main Trigger
Unsupported explanationConfidence in this assessment, not in the proposed story
contradicts · challenges model
Provides evidence or reasoning against Volcanic Forcing as the Main Trigger.
causal hypothesis Climate-Dominated Collapse
contradicts · challenges model
Provides evidence or reasoning against Climate-Dominated Collapse.
claim Frattesina emerged as a major exchange and craft centre after the Terramare transformation, with evidence for mobile individuals.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Frattesina emerged as a major exchange and craft centre after the Terramare transformation, with evidence for mobile individuals.
claim The dense Terramare settlement system ended, followed by major reorganization and depopulation in parts of the Po Valley.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: The dense Terramare settlement system ended, followed by major reorganization and depopulation in parts of the Po Valley.
claim Large, interlinked settlement networks that flourished before 1200 BCE were substantially reorganized at the Bronze–Iron transition.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Large, interlinked settlement networks that flourished before 1200 BCE were substantially reorganized at the Bronze–Iron transition.
date assertion Collapse of the Terramare Settlement System — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · reviews · Po Valley section
date assertion Transformation of Southern Carpathian Basin Settlement Networks — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · reviews · Carpathian Basin section
event Collapse of the Terramare Settlement System
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · reviews · Po Valley section
Source relationship recorded for Collapse of the Terramare Settlement System.
event Transformation of Southern Carpathian Basin Settlement Networks
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · reviews · Carpathian Basin section
Source relationship recorded for Transformation of Southern Carpathian Basin Settlement Networks.
date assertion Growth of Frattesina as a Post-Terramare Port of Trade — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · supports · Po Valley section
claim No single local drought or moisture proxy should be generalized to the entire eastern Mediterranean without testing spatial representativeness and proxy agreement.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: No single local drought or moisture proxy should be generalized to the entire eastern Mediterranean without testing spatial representativeness and proxy agreement.
event Growth of Frattesina as a Post-Terramare Port of Trade
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · Po Valley section
Source relationship recorded for Growth of Frattesina as a Post-Terramare Port of Trade.
claim Collapse of the Terramare Settlement System is best dated in this release to approximately mid-12th century BCE.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Collapse of the Terramare Settlement System is best dated in this release to approximately mid-12th century BCE.
claim The Late Bronze Age transition was regionally asynchronous: Mycenaean palaces, the Hittite centre, Ugarit, Cyprus, Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia and European regions changed on diff…
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: The Late Bronze Age transition was regionally asynchronous: Mycenaean palaces, the Hittite centre, Ugarit, Cyprus, Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia and European regions changed on different schedules.
property assignment The Late Bronze Age transition was regionally asynchronous: Mycenaean palaces, the Hittite centre, Ugarit, Cyprus, Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia and European regions changed on diff… — has property — Historiographic Reassessment
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
This claim revises or audits a conventional collapse narrative using explicit chronological and evidential reassessment.
property assignment Hekla 3 Eruption — has research status — Likely Unrelated to the Initial c.1200 BCE Crisis
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The currently preferred Hekla 3 date is too late to initiate most destructions and political failures clustered around the turn of the twelfth century BCE.
relationship Hekla 3 Eruption — did not cause — Collapse of the Hittite Central Imperial Administration
Unsupported explanationConfidence in this assessment: highConfidence in this assessment, not in the proposed story
supports · supports causal relationship
The preferred Hekla 3 chronology is too late for the eruption to initiate the Hittite central collapse.
relationship Collapse of the Terramare Settlement System — preceded and redirected exchange toward — Growth of Frattesina as a Post-Terramare Port of Trade
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports causal relationship
The contraction of Terramare settlement systems preceded the growth of Frattesina and may have redirected people and exchange toward new nodes.
relationship Expansion of Iron Production and Use — did not initiate — Dissolution of the Mycenaean Palatial Administrative System
Unsupported explanationConfidence in this assessment: highConfidence in this assessment, not in the proposed story
supports · supports causal relationship
The major expansion of iron production and use is largely later than the first palatial destructions and cannot serve as a universal initiating shock.
entity Frattesina
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Frattesina.
entity Terramare Settlement System
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Terramare Settlement System.
entity Po Valley
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Po Valley.
causal hypothesis Regionally Asynchronous Multi-Causal Network Transformation
supports · supports model component
Supports one or more evidential components of Regionally Asynchronous Multi-Causal Network Transformation.
causal hypothesis Multiple Largely Independent Regional Crises
supports · supports model component
Supports one or more evidential components of Multiple Largely Independent Regional Crises.
property Local Proxy, Not Automatic Regional Generalization
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Local Proxy, Not Automatic Regional Generalization.
property Likely Unrelated to the Initial c.1200 BCE Crisis
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Likely Unrelated to the Initial c.1200 BCE Crisis.
relationship Terramare Settlement System — located in — Po Valley
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Terramare Settlement System is located in or geographically associated with Po Valley.
relationship Collapse of the Terramare Settlement System — occurred in — Po Valley
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Collapse of the Terramare Settlement System is geographically assigned to Po Valley.
relationship Collapse of the Terramare Settlement System — affected — Terramare Settlement System
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Collapse of the Terramare Settlement System directly affected Terramare Settlement System in this reconstruction.
relationship Growth of Frattesina as a Post-Terramare Port of Trade — occurred in — Frattesina
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Growth of Frattesina as a Post-Terramare Port of Trade is geographically assigned to Frattesina.
relationship Frattesina — participated in — Growth of Frattesina as a Post-Terramare Port of Trade
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Frattesina is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Growth of Frattesina as a Post-Terramare Port of Trade.
relationship Bronze-Metal Exchange Networks — participated in — Growth of Frattesina as a Post-Terramare Port of Trade
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Bronze-Metal Exchange Networks is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Growth of Frattesina as a Post-Terramare Port of Trade.
relationship Transformation of Southern Carpathian Basin Settlement Networks — occurred in — Southern Carpathian Basin
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Transformation of Southern Carpathian Basin Settlement Networks is geographically assigned to Southern Carpathian Basin.
relationship Frattesina — located in — Po Valley
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Frattesina is located in or geographically associated with Po Valley.
claim The best-current reconstruction is a regionally asynchronous, multi-causal transformation in which local shocks and conflicts interacted with institutional fragility and, in som…
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports synthesis
Supports the claim: The best-current reconstruction is a regionally asynchronous, multi-causal transformation in which local shocks and conflicts interacted with institutional fragility and, in some regions, wider network disruption.