What is the evidence?

observation

Hatshepsut’s Deir el-Bahri monument depicts an Egyptian expedition to Punt, exchanges with local people and the acquisition of valued products including aromatics.

Inspect the sources →
Review and provenance

Specialist reviewer: not recorded. Review date: not recorded.

Dataset workflow: proposed. This is separate from specialist review.

Confidence describes the stated assessment; it does not certify expert approval. How review works.

Chronology

Dating intervals may describe uncertainty or phases; their width alone does not establish event duration.

Preferred assertion

1473 BCE–1458 BCE

Precision: regnal range

Chronology model: New Kingdom conventional chronology

high

The expedition relief cycle belongs to Hatshepsut’s reign; the exact expedition year within the reign is not fixed here.

Interpretation and caveats

The expedition and monument are historical and textual evidence, while the scenes are shaped by royal and cultic purposes. The source does not provide Punt’s fixed borders.

Event context

Classification

Event type: royal maritime expedition and monument

Evidence layer: historical

Timeline role: cross regional context

Why it matters to the timeline

The Egyptian expedition directly connects Egypt to the southern Red Sea question and supplies primary evidence for Punt and aromatic commodities.

Research notes

  • Provides the critical analysis of the primary monument. Role: provides primary evidence. Locator: pp. 189–203; relief cycle, scenes and ritual function.

Evidence and sources

Where to go next

Referenced records