Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: journal article and iconographic analysis
Publication: Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, vol. 55, 189–203
Peer reviewed: Yes

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Records informed by this source

relationship Frankincense, myrrh and related aromatics — located or analytically grouped within — Horn of Africa coastal corridors
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Relief-cycle scenes and cult-product discussion
Documents aromatic commodities in the Hatshepsut source.
ranked model model_punt_horn_core_rank2
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Relief-cycle people and commodities
Provides the Egyptian evidence and genre limitations.
relationship Punt — located or analytically grouped within — Yemen southern and western coasts
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · pp. 189–203; relief cycle and ritual function
Provides critical interpretation of the best-known New Kingdom depiction.
relationship Deir el-Bahri Punt relief cycle — located or analytically grouped within — Levant and Egypt context zone
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · contextualizes · pp. 189–203; structure, scenes and function
Provides the critical source analysis.
relationship Frankincense, myrrh and related aromatics — located or analytically grouped within — Dhofar
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Relief-cycle scenes and cult-product discussion
Documents aromatic commodities in the Hatshepsut source.
relationship Frankincense, myrrh and related aromatics — located or analytically grouped within — Yemen southern and western coasts
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Relief-cycle scenes and cult-product discussion
Documents aromatic commodities in the Hatshepsut source.
relationship Frankincense, myrrh and related aromatics — located or analytically grouped within — Bab el-Mandeb and southern Red Sea interaction zone
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Relief-cycle scenes and cult-product discussion
Documents aromatic commodities in the Hatshepsut source.
relationship Punt — located or analytically grouped within — Bab el-Mandeb and southern Red Sea interaction zone
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · pp. 189–203; relief cycle and ritual function
Provides critical interpretation of the best-known New Kingdom depiction.
relationship Punt — located or analytically grouped within — Horn of Africa coastal corridors
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · pp. 189–203; relief cycle and ritual function
Provides critical interpretation of the best-known New Kingdom depiction.
relationship Punt — located or analytically grouped within — Eritrean highlands and coast
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · pp. 189–203; relief cycle and ritual function
Provides critical interpretation of the best-known New Kingdom depiction.
relationship Punt — located or analytically grouped within — Afar and Danakil lowlands
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · pp. 189–203; relief cycle and ritual function
Provides critical interpretation of the best-known New Kingdom depiction.
ranked model model_punt_yemen_only_rank4
Evidence confidence: very low
informs · critiques interpretation · Relief-cycle genre
The monument does not define a Yemen-only state.
property assignment Punt — has property — Network, not bounded state
Evidence confidence: high
informs · critiques interpretation · pp. 189–203
Royal reliefs are ideological monuments, not maps.
claim The package cannot defend fixed route lines for an incense route, Punt voyage, Gulf copper export or western Indian Ocean corridor during 1600–800 BCE.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · critiques interpretation · Relief-cycle function
The monument is not a map.
claim No fixed political-border polygon is defensible for the requested Southern Arabian and Horn systems across 1600–800 BCE from the sources used in this release.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · critiques interpretation · Royal-relief genre
Limits Punt boundary reconstruction.
property Network, not bounded state
Evidence confidence: high
informs · critiques interpretation · pp. 189–203
Shows why royal reliefs are not cartographic evidence.
date assertion Frankincense, myrrh and related aromatics — date assertion
informs · provides primary evidence · Relief-cycle scenes and cult-product discussion
Documents aromatic commodities in the Hatshepsut source.
date assertion Bab el-Mandeb and southern Red Sea interaction zone — date assertion
informs · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203; Deir el-Bahri relief cycle
Documents Egyptian representation of a Punt expedition.
date assertion Levant and Egypt context zone — date assertion
informs · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203
Analyzes the principal New Kingdom Punt relief cycle.
date assertion Punt — date assertion
informs · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203; relief cycle and ritual function
Provides critical interpretation of the best-known New Kingdom depiction.
date assertion Deir el-Bahri Punt relief cycle — date assertion
informs · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203; structure, scenes and function
Provides the critical source analysis.
date assertion Southern Red Sea interaction network — date assertion
informs · provides primary evidence · Punt relief cycle
Supports an Egyptian expedition relationship.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203; relief cycle, scenes and ritual function
Provides the critical analysis of the primary monument.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203; relief cycle, scenes and ritual function
Provides the critical analysis of the primary monument.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203; relief cycle, scenes and ritual function
Provides the critical analysis of the primary monument.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203; relief cycle, scenes and ritual function
Provides the critical analysis of the primary monument.
ranked model model_punt_southern_red_sea_network_rank1
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides primary evidence · Punt relief cycle
Provides the named destination and expedition.
claim The later classical incense trade cannot be projected backward as a continuous 1600–800 BCE route across Yemen, Dhofar, the Horn and the Levant.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides primary evidence · New Kingdom source-specific commodities
Shows an expedition context rather than a classical caravan system.
claim Frankincense, myrrh and related aromatics should enter the dataset only through specific botanical, textual, archaeological or residue evidence.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides primary evidence · Relief-cycle commodity scenes and cultic discussion
Provides a source-specific New Kingdom attestation.
property assignment Southern Red Sea interaction network — has property — Maritime exchange evidence
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides primary evidence · Punt relief cycle
Provides expedition evidence.
entity Levant and Egypt context zone
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203
Analyzes the principal New Kingdom Punt relief cycle.
entity Bab el-Mandeb and southern Red Sea interaction zone
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203; Deir el-Bahri relief cycle
Documents Egyptian representation of a Punt expedition.
entity Punt
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203; relief cycle and ritual function
Provides critical interpretation of the best-known New Kingdom depiction.
entity Deir el-Bahri Punt relief cycle
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203; structure, scenes and function
Provides the critical source analysis.
entity Southern Red Sea interaction network
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides primary evidence · Punt relief cycle
Supports an Egyptian expedition relationship.
entity Frankincense, myrrh and related aromatics
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides primary evidence · Relief-cycle scenes and cult-product discussion
Documents aromatic commodities in the Hatshepsut source.
event Hatshepsut’s expedition to Punt
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203; relief cycle, scenes and ritual function
Provides the critical analysis of the primary monument.
property assignment Deir el-Bahri Punt relief cycle — has property — Inscription attested
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203
Provides the monument analysis.
property assignment Frankincense, myrrh and related aromatics — has property — Aromatics supported only by source-specific evidence
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides primary evidence · Commodity scenes and cultic function
Provides a specific New Kingdom attestation.
claim Hatshepsut’s Punt reliefs are primary textual and iconographic evidence shaped by royal, ritual and temple functions rather than a neutral map or complete ethnography.
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203; structure and function
Provides the genre analysis.
claim Punt is securely attested as an Egyptian destination name but cannot presently be represented as one fixed, continuously bounded state for 1600–800 BCE.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides primary evidence · Punt relief cycle and function
Provides the named destination and source criticism.
property Inscription attested
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides primary evidence · Punt relief inscriptions and iconography
Provides an Egyptian monumental-text example.
property Aromatics supported only by source-specific evidence
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides primary evidence · Relief-cycle commodity scenes and cultic interpretation
Provides source-specific aromatic evidence.
date assertion Hatshepsut’s expedition to Punt — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides primary evidence · pp. 189–203; relief cycle, scenes and ritual function
Provides the critical analysis of the primary monument.
relationship Deir el-Bahri Punt relief cycle — attests — Punt
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · provides primary evidence · Punt relief inscriptions and scenes
Provides the direct attestation.
relationship Mersa/Wadi Gawasis — maritime antecedent for — Hatshepsut’s expedition to Punt
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides primary evidence · Later expedition relief cycle
Provides the later event.
relationship Hatshepsut’s expedition to Punt — expedition to — Punt
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · provides primary evidence · Punt relief cycle
Provides the destination relationship.
relationship Hatshepsut’s expedition to Punt — attests exchange of — Frankincense, myrrh and related aromatics
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides primary evidence · Commodity scenes and cultic-product discussion
Provides the source-specific aromatic evidence.