Bronze Age World

Reading ancient testimony

Ask who produced the document, for whom, and for what purpose. Distinguish its ancient creation from its modern edition or translation. Survival and excavation shape what can be read today.

Use the linked edition and reliability notes for the author, audience, transmission and limits of this particular source. Missing information is not an assurance of neutrality.

Document and modern access

Type: journal_article_and_archaeometallurgical_dataset
Publication: Antiquity, vol. 99, no. 405

Open DOI or stable record (opens in a new tab)

Records informed by this source

relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Places Channel evidence within larger Atlantic metal systems without specifying this route.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: low
informs · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides the larger Atlantic metal-provenance frame.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: low
informs · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides the larger Atlantic metal-provenance frame.
date assertion Northwest Iberian tin landscapes — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides comparative provenance evidence and limits.
date assertion Cassiterides tin-islands tradition — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides modern provenance evidence that must remain distinct from the literary tradition.
date assertion Galicia and northwest Iberian interaction frame — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Places northwest Iberia within wider tin-provenance questions while avoiding a single route.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Places Channel evidence within larger Atlantic metal systems without specifying this route.
date assertion Atlantic France and Britain connection frame — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides tin-provenance evidence and model cautions.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · pp. 708–726
Provides provenance-led evidence for long-distance tin movement.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · pp. 708–726
Provides provenance-led evidence for long-distance tin movement.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · pp. 708–726
Provides provenance-led evidence for long-distance tin movement.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · pp. 708–726
Provides provenance-led evidence for long-distance tin movement.
date assertion Atlantic Bronze Age network model — date assertion
informs · proposes interpretation · pp. 708–726
Provides provenance-led long-distance network arguments.
property Long-distance metal network
informs · provides archaeometallurgical evidence
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides evidence and date · Abstract; analytical results; discussion and conclusion
Baseline source for the existing event on southwest British tin reaching Mediterranean cargoes.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides evidence and date · Abstract; analytical results; discussion and conclusion
Baseline source for the existing event on southwest British tin reaching Mediterranean cargoes.
event Southwest British tin reaches Mediterranean shipwreck cargoes
Evidence confidence: varies by wreck
informs · provides provenance dataset and interpretation
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: varies by wreck
informs · provides provenance dataset and interpretation
date assertion Southwest British tin reaches Mediterranean shipwreck cargoes — date assertion
Evidence confidence: varies by wreck
informs · provides provenance dataset and interpretation
entity Southwest Britain tin sources
informs · provides provenance evidence
property assignment Southwest Britain tin sources — participated in — Long-distance metal network
Evidence confidence: high
informs · supports assignment
date assertion Late Bronze Age settlement and Atlantic-facing activity along the Cantabrian coast — date assertion
Evidence confidence: low
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides the larger Atlantic metal-provenance frame.
claim The Cantabrian coast remains under-resolved in this release and should not be portrayed as archaeologically empty.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides Atlantic-system relevance.
claim The Cassiterides tradition cannot be converted into a fixed Bronze Age tin-source polygon.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides independent scientific provenance evidence that remains distinct from literary geography.
myth interpretation Cassiterides as uncertain Classical geographic compression of western tin knowledge
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides independent scientific evidence for western tin circulation.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides independent scientific evidence for western tin circulation.
relationship Research record — proposed memory of
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides independent scientific evidence for western tin circulation.
relationship Research record — proposed memory of
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides independent scientific evidence for western tin circulation.
relationship Research record — proposed memory of
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides independent scientific evidence for western tin circulation.
entity Galicia and northwest Iberian interaction frame
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Places northwest Iberia within wider tin-provenance questions while avoiding a single route.
entity Atlantic France and Britain connection frame
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides tin-provenance evidence and model cautions.
entity Cassiterides tin-islands tradition
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides modern provenance evidence that must remain distinct from the literary tradition.
entity Northwest Iberian tin landscapes
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides comparative provenance evidence and limits.
event Late Bronze Age settlement and Atlantic-facing activity along the Cantabrian coast
Evidence confidence: low
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides the larger Atlantic metal-provenance frame.
event Deposition of the Langdon Bay Bronze Age metal assemblage
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Places Channel evidence within larger Atlantic metal systems without specifying this route.
causal hypothesis Variable organization of mining and metallurgy
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides long-distance tin evidence and remaining route uncertainty.
date assertion Deposition of the Langdon Bay Bronze Age metal assemblage — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Places Channel evidence within larger Atlantic metal systems without specifying this route.
relationship Atlantic Bronze Age network model — contextualized by existing event — Southwest British tin reaches Mediterranean shipwreck cargoes
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides the source snapshot used by the baseline event.
relationship Cassiterides tin-islands tradition — later interpreted as referring to — Northwest Iberian tin landscapes
Evidence confidence: low
supports · contextualizes · pp. 708–726
Provides independent provenance evidence.
date assertion Early eastern Mediterranean-linked exchange at Huelva — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · dates · Abstract; analytical results; discussion and conclusion
Baseline source for the existing event on southwest British tin reaching Mediterranean cargoes.
date assertion Intensification and reconfiguration of Atlantic bronze and metal networks — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · dates · See linked source chronology or phase model
A twelfth–ninth century emphasis captures several major Atlantic metal assemblages while the broader model begins earlier.
entity Atlantic Bronze Age network model
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · proposes interpretation · pp. 708–726
Provides provenance-led long-distance network arguments.
property Modern analytical model
Evidence confidence: high
supports · proposes interpretation · pp. 708–726
Provides a provenance-led network model with explicit inferential limits.
date assertion Intensification and reconfiguration of Atlantic bronze and metal networks — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · proposes interpretation · pp. 708–726
Provides provenance-led evidence for long-distance tin movement.
property Maritime exchange evidence
Evidence confidence: high
supports · proposes interpretation · pp. 708–726
Provides metal-provenance evidence across Atlantic and Mediterranean systems.
event Intensification and reconfiguration of Atlantic bronze and metal networks
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · proposes interpretation · pp. 708–726
Provides provenance-led evidence for long-distance tin movement.
property Object provenance does not identify a route
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides archaeological observation · pp. 708–726
Provides provenance evidence and long-distance implications.
event Early eastern Mediterranean-linked exchange at Huelva
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides evidence and date · Abstract; analytical results; discussion and conclusion
Baseline source for the existing event on southwest British tin reaching Mediterranean cargoes.
relationship Atlantic multi-stage exchange and recycling — hypothesis about — Intensification and reconfiguration of Atlantic bronze and metal networks
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · pp. 708–726
Provides provenance evidence.
ranked model model_iberia1_atlantic_network_ranked
supports · supports · pp. 708–726
Provides provenance evidence.
claim The Late Bronze Age economic system relevant to the collapse extended into Atlantic Europe, not only the palace states of the eastern Mediterranean.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
causal hypothesis Atlantic multi-stage exchange and recycling
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · pp. 708–726
Provides provenance evidence.
claim “Atlantic Bronze Age” is a modern network and material-circulation model, not an ancient Atlantic people.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · supports · pp. 708–726
Provides provenance and exchange evidence.
claim Tin or metal provenance does not by itself prove a direct Britain–Iberia–Mediterranean voyage.
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports · pp. 708–726
Provides source-provenance evidence and long-distance implications.
property assignment Atlantic Bronze Age network model — has evidence property — Object provenance does not identify a route
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment and caveat · pp. 708–726
Multi-stage exchange, recycling and movement through intermediaries remain possible.
property assignment Atlantic Bronze Age network model — has evidence property — Modern analytical model
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports assignment and caveat · pp. 708–726
It is not an ancient Atlantic identity or state.
property assignment Cassiterides tin-islands tradition — has evidence property — Object provenance does not identify a route
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment and caveat · pp. 708–726
Neither automatically specifies a direct Atlantic itinerary.
claim Evidence that some Mediterranean shipwreck tin is compatible with south-west Britain does not identify the intermediate ports, carriers or whether movement was direct or down-th…
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports claim · Abstract; analytical results; discussion and conclusion
Baseline source for the existing event on southwest British tin reaching Mediterranean cargoes.
claim Tin moved over very long distances, but the total scale, frequency and social organization of Bronze Age tin trade from south-west Britain remain uncertain.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports claim · Abstract; analytical results; discussion and conclusion
Baseline source for the existing event on southwest British tin reaching Mediterranean cargoes.
relationship Early eastern Mediterranean-linked exchange at Huelva — provides atlantic mediterranean context for — Southwest British tin reaches Mediterranean shipwreck cargoes
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports relationship · Abstract; analytical results; discussion and conclusion
Baseline source for the existing event on southwest British tin reaching Mediterranean cargoes.
relationship Southwest British tin reaches Mediterranean shipwreck cargoes — source region compatible with — South-west England archaeological search region
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship · Abstract; analytical results; discussion and conclusion
Baseline source for the existing event on southwest British tin reaching Mediterranean cargoes.
causal hypothesis Exchange-network reconfiguration model
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · tests hypothesis · Abstract; analytical results; discussion and conclusion
Baseline source for the existing event on southwest British tin reaching Mediterranean cargoes.