Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: journal article
Publication: Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 11, 1224873
Peer reviewed: Yes

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Records informed by this source

event BMAC and Andronovo-labelled assemblages draw on differentiated metal-source zones
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides scientific evidence · 91 artefacts from 20 sites, isotope and composition results
Provides the provenance patterns.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides scientific evidence · 91 artefacts from 20 sites, isotope and composition results
Provides the provenance patterns.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides scientific evidence · 91 artefacts from 20 sites, isotope and composition results
Provides the provenance patterns.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides scientific evidence · 91 artefacts from 20 sites, isotope and composition results
Provides the provenance patterns.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides scientific evidence · 91 artefacts from 20 sites, isotope and composition results
Provides the provenance patterns.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides scientific evidence · 91 artefacts from 20 sites, isotope and composition results
Provides the provenance patterns.
causal hypothesis Central Asian bronze production drew on several partly overlapping supply systems rather than one centrally controlled metal route.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides scientific evidence · Lead-isotope and composition results
Provides the multiple-source pattern.
relationship Mushiston mining and smelting zone — compatible source for subset of — BMAC and Andronovo-labelled assemblages draw on differentiated metal-source zones
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides scientific evidence · Mushiston match frequency and distance assessment
Provides the subset-level compatibility.
date assertion BMAC and Andronovo-labelled assemblages draw on differentiated metal-source zones — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides scientific evidence · 91 artefacts from 20 sites, isotope and composition results
Provides the provenance patterns.
claim Tin and copper evidence does not justify drawing one continuous Bronze Age route across Central Asia.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides scientific evidence · Isotope and compositional source patterns
Shows multiple compatible source zones.
claim Provenance, typological resemblance, exchange, transmitted technology, movement of individuals and mass migration are distinct claims.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides scientific evidence · Object provenance study
Provides one evidence type.
claim Metal provenance can identify compatible ore-source zones but not the ethnicity, language or political identity of miners, smiths, traders or users.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment and caveat · Analytical sample and provenance discussion
Provides object-level source evidence and limits.