Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: peer-reviewed open-access journal article
Publication: Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, vol. 16, Article 165
Peer reviewed: Yes

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entity Troodos copper ore and slag landscapes
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Comparison of ore, matte, and urban secondary processing
Separates mountain and urban stages.
entity Enkomi Cypro-Minoan tablets
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · contextualizes · Earliest tablet and metallurgical association
Connects writing and production without translation.
date assertion Enkomi Cypro-Minoan tablets — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · Earliest tablet and metallurgical association
Connects writing and production without translation.
date assertion Troodos copper ore and slag landscapes — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · Comparison of ore, matte, and urban secondary processing
Separates mountain and urban stages.
date assertion Politiko-Phorades — date assertion
informs · contrasts production stage · Urban secondary metallurgy comparison
Separates smelting from Enkomi processes.
entity Politiko-Phorades
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · contrasts production stage · Urban secondary metallurgy comparison
Separates smelting from Enkomi processes.
date assertion Continued copper processing at Enkomi through Late Cypriot IIIA — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · dates · Table 1; Level IIIA samples; conclusions
Provides occupational-phase correlations and late workshop activity.
geography assertion Enkomi — geography assertion
informs · locates · Published site map and metallurgical area locator
Representative point for the archaeological site. It is not a settlement footprint, harbour boundary, cemetery extent, or political territory.
entity Unnamed local political and administrative authorities
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · Enkomi workshop administration
Supports but does not prove centralized copper authority.
date assertion Unnamed local political and administrative authorities — date assertion
informs · proposes interpretation · Enkomi workshop administration
Supports but does not prove centralized copper authority.
property Proposed political centre with unresolved status
informs · provides alternative model · Enkomi centrality argument
Illustrates active debate.
event Enkomi urban and metallurgical growth
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Area III assemblage and urban comparison
Documents production stages and the debate over Enkomi's role.
date assertion Enkomi — date assertion
informs · provides archaeological observation · Area III materials and methods; conclusions
Provides direct analysis of metallurgical ceramics and diachronic workshop use.
informs · provides archaeological observation · Area III workshops, sequence, and coordinates
Documents secondary metallurgy and exact published locator.
event Continued copper processing at Enkomi through Late Cypriot IIIA
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Area III levels; results; conclusions
Provides direct technical evidence and explicitly limits the analysed sample to less than five percent of the site corpus.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Area III levels; results; conclusions
Provides direct technical evidence and explicitly limits the analysed sample to less than five percent of the site corpus.
entity Enkomi
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Area III workshops, sequence, and coordinates
Documents secondary metallurgy and exact published locator.
informs · provides archaeological observation · Area III materials and methods; conclusions
Provides direct analysis of metallurgical ceramics and diachronic workshop use.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Area III assemblage and urban comparison
Documents production stages and the debate over Enkomi's role.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Area III assemblage and urban comparison
Documents production stages and the debate over Enkomi's role.
relationship Enkomi — located within research landscape — Eastern Mesaoria and Enkomi hinterland
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Area III workshops, sequence, and coordinates
Documents secondary metallurgy and exact published locator.
relationship Enkomi urban and metallurgical growth — occurred at or affected — Enkomi
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Area III assemblage and urban comparison
Documents production stages and the debate over Enkomi's role.
relationship Enkomi urban and metallurgical growth — occurred at or affected — Eastern Mesaoria and Enkomi hinterland
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Area III assemblage and urban comparison
Documents production stages and the debate over Enkomi's role.
date assertion Enkomi urban and metallurgical growth — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Area III assemblage and urban comparison
Documents production stages and the debate over Enkomi's role.
ranked model How was copper production organized across mining, smelting, refining, manufacture, and export?
informs · provides downstream case · Enkomi Area III
Documents secondary processing and manufacture.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · provides scientific analysis · Area III metallurgical ceramic assemblage
Distinguishes production stages and sampling limits.
relationship Secondary copper processing at Enkomi — occurred at or affected — Enkomi
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · provides scientific analysis · Area III metallurgical ceramic assemblage
Distinguishes production stages and sampling limits.
date assertion Secondary copper processing at Enkomi — date assertion
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · provides scientific analysis · Area III metallurgical ceramic assemblage
Distinguishes production stages and sampling limits.
event Secondary copper processing at Enkomi
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · provides scientific analysis · Area III metallurgical ceramic assemblage
Distinguishes production stages and sampling limits.
date assertion Mobile craft specialists and shipborne metalworkers — date assertion
informs · provides technical evidence · Enkomi metallurgical specialization
Documents differentiated urban craft stages.
entity Mobile craft specialists and shipborne metalworkers
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides technical evidence · Enkomi metallurgical specialization
Documents differentiated urban craft stages.
property assignment Enkomi — has evidence classification — Proposed political centre with unresolved status
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · supports assignment · Introduction and conclusions
Enkomi is a leading candidate for major copper coordination and sometimes Alashiya’s centre, but island-wide hegemony is debated.
property assignment Enkomi — has evidence classification — Copper-production node
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · supports assignment · Results and conclusions
Area III and other workshops document matte processing, refining, melting, casting, and recycling, chiefly secondary stages rather than primary mining.
claim No proposed Alashiyan capital, including Enkomi, Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios, or Alassa, is securely identified by a contemporary title naming the site as the capital.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · proposes alternative model · Enkomi centrality model
Argues for major coordination while acknowledging debate.
claim Late Bronze Age Cyprus may have shifted between regionally organized centres, networked coordination, and periods of greater centralization rather than maintaining one unchangin…
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · proposes alternative model · One City to Rule Them All?
Reopens the centralization question through metallurgy.
claim Most craftspeople, miners, merchants, farmers, sailors, mobile specialists, mixed households, and local authorities on Cyprus are archaeologically visible only as communities or…
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · provides case study · Workshop labour and production
Shows specialist activity without named artisans.
claim Ore provenance, mining, primary smelting, matte transport, refining, alloying, casting, oxhide-ingot form, cargo movement, and political control must be represented as separate …
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · provides secondary processing example · Enkomi assemblage
Documents later stages.
claim Cyprus followed divergent local trajectories during the twelfth century BCE, including urban abandonment at Hala Sultan Tekke and continued specialized copper processing at Enkomi.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports · Level IIIA evidence and conclusions
Provides the Enkomi metallurgical continuity trajectory.
claim Enkomi's scale and metallurgical intensity support exceptional centrality but do not alone prove hegemony over all Cypriot mines, ports, workshops, or settlements.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports and qualifies · Results, sampling limits and centralization discussion
Documents exceptional production while exposing inferential limits.