Bronze Age World

Reading ancient testimony

Ask who produced the document, for whom, and for what purpose. Distinguish its ancient creation from its modern edition or translation. Survival and excavation shape what can be read today.

Use the linked edition and reliability notes for the author, audience, transmission and limits of this particular source. Missing information is not an assurance of neutrality.

Document and modern access

Type: journal_article
Publication: Trabajos de Prehistoria, vol. 73, no. 1, 68–89

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Records informed by this source

geography assertion Utica — geography assertion
informs · contextualizes · Ceramic assemblage and interpretation
Supports broad central and western Mediterranean connections.
date assertion Early Phoenician settlement horizon at Utica — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · dates · pp. 68–89; well deposit, ceramic catalogue, and radiocarbon results
Provides the chronology and multi-regional assemblage.
relationship Althiburos — partly contemporary with — Utica
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · dates · Utica radiocarbon results
Provides the overlapping coastal horizon.
relationship Utica — earlier secure horizon than — Carthage
Evidence confidence: high
informs · dates · Utica 925–900 cal BCE results
Provides Utica’s horizon.
causal hypothesis Mediterranean exchange reorganized through multiple local processes
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides archaeological observation · Early Utica deposit
Shows a mixed early settlement assemblage.
entity Utica
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · provides archaeological observation · pp. 68–89; well deposit and radiocarbon results
Provides the 925–900 cal BCE horizon and mixed assemblage.
date assertion Utica — date assertion
informs · provides archaeological observation · pp. 68–89; well deposit and radiocarbon results
Provides the 925–900 cal BCE horizon and mixed assemblage.
event Early Phoenician settlement horizon at Utica
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · pp. 68–89; well deposit, ceramic catalogue, and radiocarbon results
Provides the chronology and multi-regional assemblage.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · pp. 68–89; well deposit, ceramic catalogue, and radiocarbon results
Provides the chronology and multi-regional assemblage.
relationship Utica — materially connected to — Geography assertion for site_utica
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Ceramic assemblage and interpretation
Provides the multi-regional material connections.
relationship Research record — proposed memory of
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · dates · Radiocarbon results; 925–900 cal BCE
Provides the independent archaeological horizon.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · dates · Radiocarbon results; 925–900 cal BCE
Provides the independent archaeological horizon.
claim Utica’s traditional 1101 BCE foundation date is a literary tradition, not the date of the earliest excavated settlement horizon.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · dates · Radiocarbon results, 925–900 cal BCE
Provides the earliest secure excavated horizon in this package.
myth interpretation Utica 1101 BCE as later foundation chronology
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · dates · Radiocarbon results; 925–900 cal BCE
Provides the independent archaeological horizon.
relationship Research record — proposed memory of
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · dates · Radiocarbon results; 925–900 cal BCE
Provides the independent archaeological horizon.
claim The earliest Phoenician horizon must be dated separately at Utica, Carthage, Lixus, and other North African sites.
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports · Utica radiocarbon and assemblage results
Provides a tenth-century horizon at Utica.