Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: journal article
Publication: Nature, vol. 614, 719–724
Peer reviewed: Yes

Open DOI or stable record (opens in a new tab)

Editorial citation correction, 6 September 2026: Cindy Kocik’s name follows the publisher’s author list. The original imported citation is retained in the research data. Publisher record.

Records informed by this source

causal hypothesis Volcanic Forcing as the Main Trigger
Unsupported explanationConfidence in this assessment, not in the proposed story
contradicts · challenges model
Provides evidence or reasoning against Volcanic Forcing as the Main Trigger.
date assertion Ramesses III's Year 5 Libyan war — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Higher Egyptian chronology discussion used by the existing Year 8 model
Supplies the alternative absolute chronological framework already used by the baseline graph.
date assertion Ramesses III's Year 11 Libyan war — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Higher Egyptian chronology discussion used by the existing Year 8 model
Supplies the alternative absolute chronological framework already used by the baseline graph.
date assertion Collapse of the Hittite Central Imperial Administration — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes · main text and discussion
claim Smaller states preserved and transformed Hittite-Luwian political and cultural traditions after the imperial centre disappeared.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Smaller states preserved and transformed Hittite-Luwian political and cultural traditions after the imperial centre disappeared.
event Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes · abstract, results and data
Source relationship recorded for Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia.
event Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · main text on Hattusa terminal sequence
Source relationship recorded for Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa.
claim Medinet Habu’s inscriptions and reliefs portray Ramesses III defeating named groups in land and naval engagements.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Medinet Habu’s inscriptions and reliefs portray Ramesses III defeating named groups in land and naval engagements.
event Later Burning at Hattusa
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · main text on Hattusa abandonment
Source relationship recorded for Later Burning at Hattusa.
event Collapse of the Hittite Central Imperial Administration
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes · main text and discussion
Source relationship recorded for Collapse of the Hittite Central Imperial Administration.
claim Monumental and religious buildings at Emar burned while many domestic buildings were emptied and left intact, suggesting selective destruction.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Monumental and religious buildings at Emar burned while many domestic buildings were emptied and left intact, suggesting selective destruction.
claim Hattusa appears to have been emptied by the royal administration before parts of the city were later burned.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Hattusa appears to have been emptied by the royal administration before parts of the city were later burned.
claim Parts of Hattusa burned after the administrative centre had already been emptied.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Parts of Hattusa burned after the administrative centre had already been emptied.
date assertion Later Burning at Hattusa — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · main text on Hattusa abandonment
claim Most of Ugarit burned and the city was abandoned; weapon finds strongly support violent assault, but the attackers’ identity is not securely established.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Most of Ugarit burned and the city was abandoned; weapon finds strongly support violent assault, but the attackers’ identity is not securely established.
date assertion Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes · abstract, results and data
date assertion Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · main text on Hattusa terminal sequence
claim An annually resolved proxy identifies an unusually severe, continuous three-year drought near the Hittite core.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: An annually resolved proxy identifies an unusually severe, continuous three-year drought near the Hittite core.
claim Carchemish preserved elements of Hittite royal and political tradition after the central empire disappeared.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Carchemish preserved elements of Hittite royal and political tradition after the central empire disappeared.
claim The Hittite Great King’s central administrative system disappeared, while smaller Hittite and Luwian political traditions continued elsewhere.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: The Hittite Great King’s central administrative system disappeared, while smaller Hittite and Luwian political traditions continued elsewhere.
event Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides date · Methods discussion of synchronisms
Source relationship recorded for Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit.
event Targeted Destruction and Abandonment of Emar
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides date · Methods, Emar synchronism
Source relationship recorded for Targeted Destruction and Abandonment of Emar.
date assertion Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides date · Methods discussion of synchronisms
event Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides date · discussion of 1188/1177 alternatives
Source relationship recorded for Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
date assertion Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides date · discussion of 1188/1177 alternatives
date assertion Targeted Destruction and Abandonment of Emar — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides date · Methods, Emar synchronism
chronology model Higher Ramesses III Year 8 chronology
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides or supports date model
Supports or discusses the chronology model Higher Ramesses III Year 8 chronology.
chronology model Ugarit date from the Chancellor Bay synchronism
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides or supports date model
Supports or discusses the chronology model Ugarit date from the Chancellor Bay synchronism.
chronology model Broad early-12th-century Ugarit destruction range
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides or supports date model
Supports or discusses the chronology model Broad early-12th-century Ugarit destruction range.
chronology model Conventional Ramesses III Year 8 chronology
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides or supports date model
Supports or discusses the chronology model Conventional Ramesses III Year 8 chronology.
date assertion Emergence of Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian Successor States — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · supports · discussion of continuities
date assertion Dynastic and Political Continuity at Carchemish — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · supports · discussion of successor states
event Emergence of Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian Successor States
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · discussion of continuities
Source relationship recorded for Emergence of Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian Successor States.
claim Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit is best dated in this release to approximately 1193–1186 BCE under one synchronism; broadly early 12th century BCE.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit is best dated in this release to approximately 1193–1186 BCE under one synchronism; broadly early 12th century BCE.
event Dynastic and Political Continuity at Carchemish
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports · discussion of successor states
Source relationship recorded for Dynastic and Political Continuity at Carchemish.
claim Targeted Destruction and Abandonment of Emar is best dated in this release to approximately 1187–1175 BCE.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Targeted Destruction and Abandonment of Emar is best dated in this release to approximately 1187–1175 BCE.
claim Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu is best dated in this release to 1188 BCE under a higher chronology or approximately 1177/1176 BCE under the conventiona…
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu is best dated in this release to 1188 BCE under a higher chronology or approximately 1177/1176 BCE under the conventional chronology.
claim The Late Bronze Age transition was regionally asynchronous: Mycenaean palaces, the Hittite centre, Ugarit, Cyprus, Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia and European regions changed on diff…
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: The Late Bronze Age transition was regionally asynchronous: Mycenaean palaces, the Hittite centre, Ugarit, Cyprus, Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia and European regions changed on different schedules.
claim The severe central Anatolian drought around 1198–1196 BCE plausibly contributed to the collapse of the Hittite central administration but is not established as a sufficient or s…
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: The severe central Anatolian drought around 1198–1196 BCE plausibly contributed to the collapse of the Hittite central administration but is not established as a sufficient or sole cause.
claim Hattusa’s royal-administrative centre was emptied before later burning, so its terminal fire should not be treated automatically as the event that destroyed the Hittite state.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Hattusa’s royal-administrative centre was emptied before later burning, so its terminal fire should not be treated automatically as the event that destroyed the Hittite state.
claim No single local drought or moisture proxy should be generalized to the entire eastern Mediterranean without testing spatial representativeness and proxy agreement.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: No single local drought or moisture proxy should be generalized to the entire eastern Mediterranean without testing spatial representativeness and proxy agreement.
claim The current Hekla 3 range of 1100 ±50 BCE is too late to serve as the initiating cause of most palatial destructions conventionally placed around or before 1200 BCE.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: The current Hekla 3 range of 1100 ±50 BCE is too late to serve as the initiating cause of most palatial destructions conventionally placed around or before 1200 BCE.
claim Later Burning at Hattusa is best dated in this release to after administrative abandonment, early 12th century BCE.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Later Burning at Hattusa is best dated in this release to after administrative abandonment, early 12th century BCE.
claim Collapse of the Hittite Central Imperial Administration is best dated in this release to around or shortly after 1200 BCE.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Collapse of the Hittite Central Imperial Administration is best dated in this release to around or shortly after 1200 BCE.
claim Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa is best dated in this release to around or shortly before 1200 BCE.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa is best dated in this release to around or shortly before 1200 BCE.
claim Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia is best dated in this release to 1198–1196 BCE (±3 years).
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia is best dated in this release to 1198–1196 BCE (±3 years).
property assignment Targeted Destruction and Abandonment of Emar — is a — Destruction Horizon
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Targeted Destruction and Abandonment of Emar is represented as a destruction-related archaeological event; cause and synchronism are modeled separately.
property assignment Hittite Empire — belongs to period — Late Bronze Age
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports assignment
The Hittite Empire was a major Late Bronze Age imperial state.
property assignment Gordion Juniper Ring-Width and Carbon-Isotope Record — has property — Environmental Proxy Evidence
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Tree-ring width and carbon-isotope measurements provide an independently dated local moisture record.
property assignment Gordion Juniper Ring-Width and Carbon-Isotope Record — has property — Local Proxy, Not Automatic Regional Generalization
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The Gordion sequence directly represents central Anatolia; wider extrapolation requires independent regional records.
property assignment Later Burning at Hattusa — is a — Destruction Horizon
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Later Burning at Hattusa is represented as a destruction-related archaeological event; cause and synchronism are modeled separately.
property assignment Later Burning at Hattusa — has research status — Cause Unknown
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The event is better established than a single definitive cause or attacker identity.
property assignment Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit — is a — Destruction Horizon
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit is represented as a destruction-related archaeological event; cause and synchronism are modeled separately.
property assignment Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit — has research status — Cause Unknown
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The event is better established than a single definitive cause or attacker identity.
property assignment Targeted Destruction and Abandonment of Emar — has research status — Cause Unknown
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The event is better established than a single definitive cause or attacker identity.
property assignment Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit — is a — Violent Destruction
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
The archaeological and contextual evidence makes deliberate human violence a serious interpretation, while specific attackers remain uncertain.
property assignment Targeted Destruction and Abandonment of Emar — is a — Violent Destruction
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
The archaeological and contextual evidence makes deliberate human violence a serious interpretation, while specific attackers remain uncertain.
property assignment Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia — is a — Drought Event
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports assignment
Tree-ring width and carbon-isotope evidence identifies an unusually severe multi-year drought around 1198–1196 BCE.
property assignment Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia — established by — Environmental Proxy Evidence
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports assignment
The event is reconstructed from independently dated tree-ring and stable-carbon-isotope measurements.
property assignment The Late Bronze Age transition was regionally asynchronous: Mycenaean palaces, the Hittite centre, Ugarit, Cyprus, Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia and European regions changed on diff… — has property — Historiographic Reassessment
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
This claim revises or audits a conventional collapse narrative using explicit chronological and evidential reassessment.
relationship Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa — preceded — Later Burning at Hattusa
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports causal relationship
Administrative evacuation and removal of valuables preceded at least some later burning at Hattusa.
relationship Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia — contributed to — Collapse of the Hittite Central Imperial Administration
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports causal relationship
The exceptionally severe drought plausibly worsened food supply and fiscal-administrative stress during the final Hittite crisis.
entity Emar
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Emar.
entity Gordion Juniper Ring-Width and Carbon-Isotope Record
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Gordion Juniper Ring-Width and Carbon-Isotope Record.
entity Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian States
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian States.
entity Hittite Empire
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Hittite Empire.
entity Gordion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Gordion.
entity Central Anatolia
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Central Anatolia.
entity Hattusa
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Hattusa.
causal hypothesis Regionally Asynchronous Multi-Causal Network Transformation
supports · supports model component
Supports one or more evidential components of Regionally Asynchronous Multi-Causal Network Transformation.
causal hypothesis Climate-Dominated Collapse
supports · supports model component
Supports one or more evidential components of Climate-Dominated Collapse.
property Environmental Proxy Evidence
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Environmental Proxy Evidence.
property Drought Event
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Drought Event.
property Hittite Imperial System
supports · supports property definition
Supports the definition or scholarly use of the property Hittite Imperial System.
relationship Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa — affected — Hattusa
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa directly affected Hattusa in this reconstruction.
relationship Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa — affected — Hittite Empire
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa directly affected Hittite Empire in this reconstruction.
relationship Later Burning at Hattusa — occurred in — Hattusa
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Later Burning at Hattusa is geographically assigned to Hattusa.
relationship Later Burning at Hattusa — affected — Hattusa
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Later Burning at Hattusa directly affected Hattusa in this reconstruction.
relationship Collapse of the Hittite Central Imperial Administration — occurred in — Central Anatolia
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Collapse of the Hittite Central Imperial Administration is geographically assigned to Central Anatolia.
relationship Collapse of the Hittite Central Imperial Administration — occurred in — Hattusa
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Collapse of the Hittite Central Imperial Administration is geographically assigned to Hattusa.
relationship Collapse of the Hittite Central Imperial Administration — affected — Hittite Empire
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Collapse of the Hittite Central Imperial Administration directly affected Hittite Empire in this reconstruction.
relationship Dynastic and Political Continuity at Carchemish — occurred in — Carchemish
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Dynastic and Political Continuity at Carchemish is geographically assigned to Carchemish.
relationship Dynastic and Political Continuity at Carchemish — occurred in — Northern Levant
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Dynastic and Political Continuity at Carchemish is geographically assigned to Northern Levant.
relationship Carchemish — participated in — Dynastic and Political Continuity at Carchemish
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Carchemish is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Dynastic and Political Continuity at Carchemish.
relationship Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian States — participated in — Dynastic and Political Continuity at Carchemish
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian States is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Dynastic and Political Continuity at Carchemish.
relationship Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit — occurred in — Ugarit / Ras Shamra
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit is geographically assigned to Ugarit.
relationship Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit — affected — Ugarit / Ras Shamra
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit directly affected Ugarit in this reconstruction.
relationship Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit — affected — Kingdom of Ugarit
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Destruction and Abandonment of Ugarit directly affected Kingdom of Ugarit in this reconstruction.
relationship Targeted Destruction and Abandonment of Emar — occurred in — Emar
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Targeted Destruction and Abandonment of Emar is geographically assigned to Emar.
relationship Targeted Destruction and Abandonment of Emar — affected — Emar
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Targeted Destruction and Abandonment of Emar directly affected Emar in this reconstruction.
relationship Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu — occurred in — Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu is geographically assigned to Medinet Habu.
relationship Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu — occurred in — Egypt
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu is geographically assigned to Egypt.
relationship New Kingdom Egypt — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
New Kingdom Egypt is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
relationship Peleset — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Peleset is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
relationship Tjeker — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Tjeker is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
relationship Shekelesh — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Shekelesh is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
relationship Denyen — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Denyen is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
relationship Weshesh — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Weshesh is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
relationship Medinet Habu Year 8 Inscriptions — participated in — Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Medinet Habu Year 8 Inscriptions is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Ramesses III’s Year 8 Conflicts Recorded at Medinet Habu.
relationship Emergence of Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian Successor States — occurred in — Northern Levant
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Emergence of Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian Successor States is geographically assigned to Northern Levant.
relationship Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian States — participated in — Emergence of Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian Successor States
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian States is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Emergence of Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian Successor States.
relationship Carchemish — participated in — Emergence of Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian Successor States
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Carchemish is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Emergence of Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian Successor States.
relationship Gordion Juniper Ring-Width and Carbon-Isotope Record — measures — Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
The Gordion tree-ring record establishes the chronology and severity of the reconstructed drought.
relationship Emergence of Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian Successor States — occurred in — Central Anatolia
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Emergence of Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian Successor States is geographically assigned to Central Anatolia.
relationship Hittite Empire — located in — Central Anatolia
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Hittite Empire is located in or geographically associated with Central Anatolia.
relationship Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian States — located in — Northern Levant
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian States is located in or geographically associated with Northern Levant.
relationship Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian States — located in — Central Anatolia
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Neo-Hittite and Syro-Anatolian States is located in or geographically associated with Central Anatolia.
relationship Hattusa — located in — Central Anatolia
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Hattusa is located in or geographically associated with Central Anatolia.
relationship Gordion — located in — Central Anatolia
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Gordion is located in or geographically associated with Central Anatolia.
relationship Emar — located in — Northern Levant
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Emar is located in or geographically associated with Northern Levant.
relationship Gordion Juniper Ring-Width and Carbon-Isotope Record — located in — Central Anatolia
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Gordion Juniper Ring-Width and Carbon-Isotope Record is located in or geographically associated with Central Anatolia.
relationship Hattusa — capital of — Hittite Empire
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports relationship
Hattusa was the principal capital and administrative centre of the Hittite Empire.
relationship Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia — occurred in — Gordion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia is geographically assigned to Gordion.
relationship Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia — occurred in — Central Anatolia
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia is geographically assigned to Central Anatolia.
relationship Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia — affected — Gordion Juniper Ring-Width and Carbon-Isotope Record
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia directly affected Gordion Juniper Ring-Width and Carbon-Isotope Record in this reconstruction.
relationship Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia — affected — Hittite Empire
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Severe Multi-Year Drought in Central Anatolia directly affected Hittite Empire in this reconstruction.
relationship Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa — occurred in — Hattusa
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Administrative Evacuation and Abandonment of Hattusa is geographically assigned to Hattusa.
claim The best-current reconstruction is a regionally asynchronous, multi-causal transformation in which local shocks and conflicts interacted with institutional fragility and, in som…
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports synthesis
Supports the claim: The best-current reconstruction is a regionally asynchronous, multi-causal transformation in which local shocks and conflicts interacted with institutional fragility and, in some regions, wider network disruption.