Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: journal article and epigraphic study
Publication: Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, vol. 32, no. Supplement 1, 328–339
Peer reviewed: Yes

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Records informed by this source

property Aromatics supported only by source-specific evidence
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Discussion of coastal contact and aromatics
Provides a later, qualified endpoint context.
entity Yemen southern and western coasts
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · pp. 328–339; maritime-contact discussion
Provides later endpoint evidence for cross-sea contact without a route polygon.
date assertion Yemen southern and western coasts — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 328–339; maritime-contact discussion
Provides later endpoint evidence for cross-sea contact without a route polygon.
relationship Reported Sabaic sanctuary horizon on the Somali coast — located or analytically grouped within — Horn of Africa coastal corridors
Evidence confidence: low
informs · contextualizes · pp. 328–339; inscriptions, palaeography and provenance critique
Provides the textual evidence and its limitations.
relationship Reported Sabaic sanctuary horizon on the Somali coast — located or analytically grouped within — Bab el-Mandeb and southern Red Sea interaction zone
Evidence confidence: low
informs · contextualizes · pp. 328–339; inscriptions, palaeography and provenance critique
Provides the textual evidence and its limitations.
entity Frankincense, myrrh and related aromatics
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Maritime and aromatic-trade discussion
Provides later endpoint context while stressing contextual limits.
date assertion Frankincense, myrrh and related aromatics — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · Maritime and aromatic-trade discussion
Provides later endpoint context while stressing contextual limits.
claim Frankincense, myrrh and related aromatics should enter the dataset only through specific botanical, textual, archaeological or residue evidence.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Discussion of coastal contact and aromatics
Provides later endpoint context with provenance cautions.
property assignment Frankincense, myrrh and related aromatics — has property — Aromatics supported only by source-specific evidence
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Endpoint coastal contact discussion
Provides qualified later context.
property assignment Reported Sabaic sanctuary horizon on the Somali coast — has property — Find provenance limited
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · critiques interpretation · pp. 328–339; find circumstances
Provides the provenance warning.
property assignment Horn of Africa coastal corridors — has property — Sparse or uneven fieldwork
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · critiques interpretation · Provenance discussion
Shows both the importance and limitation of the surviving evidence.
property Find provenance limited
Evidence confidence: high
informs · critiques interpretation · pp. 328–339; discovery and provenance discussion
Provides the key regional example.
claim The later classical incense trade cannot be projected backward as a continuous 1600–800 BCE route across Yemen, Dhofar, the Horn and the Levant.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · critiques interpretation · Endpoint inscriptions and provenance limits
Shows a later contact horizon without a continuous route.
claim The Somali-coast Sabaic inscriptions are important contact evidence, but uncertain find context prevents confident reconstruction of a sanctuary plan, colony, local polity or ex…
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · critiques interpretation · Provenance and historical interpretation discussion
Limits site and political reconstruction.
supports · provides primary evidence · Inscriptions and palaeography
Preserves what the texts directly show.
claim The package cannot defend fixed route lines for an incense route, Punt voyage, Gulf copper export or western Indian Ocean corridor during 1600–800 BCE.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · critiques interpretation · Provenance limitations
The inscriptions do not locate an anchorage or complete route.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides primary evidence · pp. 328–339; inscriptions, palaeography and provenance
Provides the textual contact evidence and limitations.
date assertion Reported Sabaic sanctuary horizon on the Somali coast — date assertion
informs · provides primary evidence · pp. 328–339; inscriptions, palaeography and provenance critique
Provides the textual evidence and its limitations.
date assertion Southern Red Sea interaction network — date assertion
informs · provides primary evidence · Somali coast inscriptions
Supports a later cross-sea contact horizon.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides primary evidence · pp. 328–339; inscriptions, palaeography and provenance
Provides the textual contact evidence and limitations.
date assertion Horn of Africa coastal corridors — date assertion
informs · provides primary evidence · pp. 328–339; reported inscriptions and context critique
Provides endpoint evidence for South Arabian-language presence on the coast.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides primary evidence · pp. 328–339; inscriptions, palaeography and provenance
Provides the textual contact evidence and limitations.
relationship Reported Sabaic sanctuary horizon on the Somali coast — epigraphic evidence for — Southern Red Sea interaction network
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides primary evidence · Inscriptions and maritime interpretation
Provides the contact evidence and provenance limits.
claim An inscription’s language does not by itself identify the ancestry, ethnicity or migration history of every person using or living near that inscription.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · provides primary evidence · Sabaic inscriptions and uncertain local context
Provides a direct example of language without secure population identity.
claim South Arabian-Horn interaction is best reconstructed as multi-directional and socially negotiated, involving local African inland systems as well as cross-sea movement.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides primary evidence · Somali coast inscriptions
Provides a later cross-sea contact horizon.
entity Horn of Africa coastal corridors
Evidence confidence: low
supports · provides primary evidence · pp. 328–339; reported inscriptions and context critique
Provides endpoint evidence for South Arabian-language presence on the coast.
entity Reported Sabaic sanctuary horizon on the Somali coast
Evidence confidence: low
supports · provides primary evidence · pp. 328–339; inscriptions, palaeography and provenance critique
Provides the textual evidence and its limitations.
entity Southern Red Sea interaction network
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides primary evidence · Somali coast inscriptions
Supports a later cross-sea contact horizon.
event Sabaic sanctuary horizon on the Somali coast
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides primary evidence · pp. 328–339; inscriptions, palaeography and provenance
Provides the textual contact evidence and limitations.
property assignment Reported Sabaic sanctuary horizon on the Somali coast — has property — Inscription attested
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides primary evidence · Inscriptions, script and dating
Provides the epigraphic evidence.
causal hypothesis Southern Red Sea interaction was multi-directional and socially negotiated
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides primary evidence · Somali coast inscriptions
Provides a later cross-sea contact horizon.
date assertion Sabaic sanctuary horizon on the Somali coast — date assertion
Evidence confidence: low
supports · provides primary evidence · pp. 328–339; inscriptions, palaeography and provenance
Provides the textual contact evidence and limitations.
property assignment Southern Red Sea interaction network — has property — Network, not bounded state
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · pp. 328–339
Supports a later contact horizon.