Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: journal article
Publication: American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 112, no. 4, 659–684
Peer reviewed: Yes

Open DOI or stable record (opens in a new tab)

Records informed by this source

property Mixed material repertoire
informs · defines property · Hybridization model
Provides interpretive basis.
claim Kition underwent major rebuilding and cultural change without a securely demonstrated terminal violent destruction.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Kition underwent major rebuilding and cultural change without a securely demonstrated terminal violent destruction.
claim Cyprus experienced uneven destructions, abandonments, rebuilding, migration and hybridization rather than uniform conquest or collapse.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: Cyprus experienced uneven destructions, abandonments, rebuilding, migration and hybridization rather than uniform conquest or collapse.
claim A destruction ended one occupational floor at Maa-Palaeokastro, followed by rebuilding rather than permanent disappearance.
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes
Supports the claim: A destruction ended one occupational floor at Maa-Palaeokastro, followed by rebuilding rather than permanent disappearance.
event Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes · pp. 659–684
Source relationship recorded for Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization.
date assertion Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · Kition discussion
event Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · establishes · Kition discussion
Source relationship recorded for Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition.
date assertion Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · establishes · pp. 659–684
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · Continuity and hybridization model
Provides a household and encounter framework.
event Eastern Mediterranean mobility and mixed households on Cyprus
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · Continuity and hybridization model
Provides a household and encounter framework.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · Continuity and hybridization model
Provides a household and encounter framework.
date assertion Eastern Mediterranean mobility and mixed households on Cyprus — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · Continuity and hybridization model
Provides a household and encounter framework.
date assertion Enkomi rebuilding and reorganization in Late Cypriot IIIA — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · proposes interpretation · Continuity and hybridization discussion
Supports a mixed-practice interpretation without assigning ethnicity.
relationship Eastern Mediterranean mobility and mixed households on Cyprus — occurred at or affected — Cyprus eastern Mediterranean maritime interaction zone
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · Continuity and hybridization model
Provides a household and encounter framework.
relationship Eastern Mediterranean mobility and mixed households on Cyprus — concerns — Mobile craft specialists and shipborne metalworkers
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · Continuity and hybridization model
Provides a household and encounter framework.
relationship Eastern Mediterranean mobility and mixed households on Cyprus — concerns — Mixed and locally reconfigured households of LC IIIA–IIIB Cyprus
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · Continuity and hybridization model
Provides a household and encounter framework.
relationship Enkomi rebuilding and reorganization in Late Cypriot IIIA — occurred at or affected — Enkomi
Evidence confidence: high
informs · proposes interpretation · Continuity and hybridization discussion
Supports a mixed-practice interpretation without assigning ethnicity.
causal hypothesis Mobility and mixed households shaped Late Cypriot IIIA repertoires
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · Hybridization model
Provides the principal framework.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · Continuity and hybridization model
Provides a household and encounter framework.
entity Mixed and locally reconfigured households of LC IIIA–IIIB Cyprus
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · Hybridization model
Provides the principal mixed-identity interpretation.
date assertion Mixed and locally reconfigured households of LC IIIA–IIIB Cyprus — date assertion
informs · proposes interpretation · Hybridization model
Provides the principal mixed-identity interpretation.
event Enkomi rebuilding and reorganization in Late Cypriot IIIA
Evidence confidence: high
informs · proposes interpretation · Continuity and hybridization discussion
Supports a mixed-practice interpretation without assigning ethnicity.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · proposes interpretation · Continuity and hybridization discussion
Supports a mixed-practice interpretation without assigning ethnicity.
date assertion Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides alternative · comparative migration/hybridization model
event Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides alternative · comparative migration/hybridization model
Source relationship recorded for Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations.
entity Sinda
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides source criticism · Colonization and identity critique
Limits ethnic attribution from ceramics.
relationship Foundation of Maa-Palaeokastro — occurred at or affected — Paphos and western Cyprus Late Bronze–Early Iron landscape
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides source criticism · Maa and colonization narratives
Separates mixed material from ethnic attribution.
relationship Foundation of Maa-Palaeokastro — occurred at or affected — Maa-Palaeokastro
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides source criticism · Maa and colonization narratives
Separates mixed material from ethnic attribution.
date assertion Sinda — date assertion
informs · provides source criticism · Colonization and identity critique
Limits ethnic attribution from ceramics.
relationship Maa-Palaeokastro — located within research landscape — Paphos and western Cyprus Late Bronze–Early Iron landscape
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides source criticism · Migration and hybridization reassessment
Challenges simple colonist or invader labels.
entity Cape Gelidonya shipwreck
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · provides source criticism · Migration and identity caution
Limits ethnic attribution.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides source criticism · Maa and colonization narratives
Separates mixed material from ethnic attribution.
date assertion Maa-Palaeokastro — date assertion
informs · provides source criticism · Migration and hybridization reassessment
Challenges simple colonist or invader labels.
date assertion Cape Gelidonya shipwreck — date assertion
informs · provides source criticism · Migration and identity caution
Limits ethnic attribution.
event Foundation of Maa-Palaeokastro
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides source criticism · Maa and colonization narratives
Separates mixed material from ethnic attribution.
date assertion Foundation of Maa-Palaeokastro — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides source criticism · Maa and colonization narratives
Separates mixed material from ethnic attribution.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides source criticism · Maa and colonization narratives
Separates mixed material from ethnic attribution.
entity Maa-Palaeokastro
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides source criticism · Migration and hybridization reassessment
Challenges simple colonist or invader labels.
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Maa-Palaeokastro.
date assertion Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · supports · site synthesis
date assertion Cyprus during the Late Cypriot III transition — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · supports · LC IIIA transition chronology
Provides the baseline transition framework.
ranked model What best explains Aegean-associated material and social change after the thirteenth century BCE?
informs · supports model comparison · Continuity and hybridization argument
Critiques simple colonization models.
claim Pyla-Kokkinokremos's diverse assemblage demonstrates connectivity and mixed practices but does not identify every resident as a migrant or define one ethnic colony.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · provides interpretive framework · Hybridization
Supports mixed household practices.
claim The destructive episodes at Maa-Palaeokastro cannot be securely attributed to a named Sea Peoples group, Mycenaean invaders, local factions, or any single external force.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides source criticism · Maa colonization and crisis narratives
Reviews interpretive overreach.
claim The Late Bronze Age transition was regionally asynchronous: Mycenaean palaces, the Hittite centre, Ugarit, Cyprus, Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia and European regions changed on diff…
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: The Late Bronze Age transition was regionally asynchronous: Mycenaean palaces, the Hittite centre, Ugarit, Cyprus, Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia and European regions changed on different schedules.
claim Cyprus’s transition is better described as uneven continuity, migration, violence, rebuilding and hybridization than as uniform conquest by a single migrant population.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Cyprus’s transition is better described as uneven continuity, migration, violence, rebuilding and hybridization than as uniform conquest by a single migrant population.
claim Movement of people into, out of, and within Cyprus during the thirteenth–eleventh centuries is highly plausible, but its scale and composition remain only partly measured.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · Cultural encounters and hybridization
Supports movement without a mass-colonization model.
claim Mycenaean or Aegean-associated ceramic, architectural, weapon, dress, or mortuary forms on Cyprus do not individually prove Aegean settlers.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · supports · Colonization versus hybridization
Provides the central critique.
claim Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization is best dated in this release to approximately 1200–1000 BCE.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization is best dated in this release to approximately 1200–1000 BCE.
claim Current evidence does not establish one homogeneous mass Aegean migration that simultaneously founded, destroyed, or transformed all major Cypriot settlements around 1200 BCE.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · Continuity and hybridization
Challenges mass-colonization narratives.
event Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports · site synthesis
Source relationship recorded for Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro.
claim Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition is best dated in this release to 12th–11th centuries BCE.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports
Supports the claim: Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition is best dated in this release to 12th–11th centuries BCE.
property assignment Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro — is a — Destruction Horizon
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports assignment
Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro is represented as a destruction-related archaeological event; cause and synchronism are modeled separately.
property assignment Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro — has research status — Cause Unknown
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
The event is better established than a single definitive cause or attacker identity.
property assignment Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization — has property — Resilient Continuity
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Cypriot evidence combines disruption, mobility, rebuilding, and local continuity.
property assignment Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition — has property — Resilient Continuity
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
Kition was rebuilt and continued as a major centre.
property assignment The Late Bronze Age transition was regionally asynchronous: Mycenaean palaces, the Hittite centre, Ugarit, Cyprus, Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia and European regions changed on diff… — has property — Historiographic Reassessment
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment
This claim revises or audits a conventional collapse narrative using explicit chronological and evidential reassessment.
entity Cyprus
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Cyprus.
entity Kition
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports entity record
Supports the existence, description, classification, or historical context of Kition.
causal hypothesis Regionally Asynchronous Multi-Causal Network Transformation
supports · supports model component
Supports one or more evidential components of Regionally Asynchronous Multi-Causal Network Transformation.
relationship Philistine City System — participated in — Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Philistine City System is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations.
relationship Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition — affected — Kition
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition directly affected Kition in this reconstruction.
relationship Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition — occurred in — Kition
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Rebuilding and Continuity at Kition is geographically assigned to Kition.
relationship Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro — affected — Maa-Palaeokastro
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro directly affected Maa-Palaeokastro in this reconstruction.
relationship Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro — occurred in — Maa-Palaeokastro
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports relationship
Destruction and Rebuilding at Maa-Palaeokastro is geographically assigned to Maa-Palaeokastro.
relationship Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization — affected — Cyprus
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization directly affected Cyprus in this reconstruction.
relationship Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization — occurred in — Cyprus
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Cypriot Late Bronze–Early Iron Cultural and Political Reorganization is geographically assigned to Cyprus.
relationship Maa-Palaeokastro — settlement in — Cyprus
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports relationship
Maa-Palaeokastro was a fortified settlement on Cyprus.
relationship Kition — major centre in — Cyprus
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports relationship
Kition was a major Cypriot urban and harbour centre.
relationship Maa-Palaeokastro — located in — Cyprus
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Maa-Palaeokastro is located in or geographically associated with Cyprus.
relationship Kition — located in — Cyprus
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Kition is located in or geographically associated with Cyprus.
relationship Cyprus — part of — Eastern Mediterranean
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Cyprus is represented as part of Eastern Mediterranean.
relationship Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations — occurred in — Southern Levant
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations is geographically assigned to Southern Levant.
relationship Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations — occurred in — Ashkelon
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations is geographically assigned to Ashkelon.
relationship Philistines — participated in — Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports relationship
Philistines is a participant, evidential object, or directly involved entity in Emergence of Philistine Cultural Configurations.
claim The best-current reconstruction is a regionally asynchronous, multi-causal transformation in which local shocks and conflicts interacted with institutional fragility and, in som…
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports synthesis
Supports the claim: The best-current reconstruction is a regionally asynchronous, multi-causal transformation in which local shocks and conflicts interacted with institutional fragility and, in some regions, wider network disruption.