Bronze Age World

Reading ancient testimony

Ask who produced the document, for whom, and for what purpose. Distinguish its ancient creation from its modern edition or translation. Survival and excavation shape what can be read today.

Use the linked edition and reliability notes for the author, audience, transmission and limits of this particular source. Missing information is not an assurance of neutrality.

Document and modern access

Type: journal article and archaeological dataset
Publication: Open Quaternary, vol. 11, no. 1, 8

Open DOI or stable record (opens in a new tab)

Records informed by this source

entity Gulf interaction zone
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Raki 2 results and regional metallurgy discussion
Places copper production in a broader exchange setting.
date assertion Gulf interaction zone — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · Raki 2 results and regional metallurgy discussion
Places copper production in a broader exchange setting.
entity Southeast Arabian Gulf exchange network
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Raki 2 regional metallurgy discussion
Provides production evidence and constraints.
date assertion Southeast Arabian Gulf exchange network — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · Raki 2 regional metallurgy discussion
Provides production evidence and constraints.
relationship Raki 2 — production node in — Southeast Arabian Gulf exchange network
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Regional metallurgy and exchange discussion
Supports network participation while preserving destination uncertainty.
claim Raki 2’s production volume does not identify all copper destinations, the degree of export, political ownership or continuous year-by-year operation.
Evidence confidence: high
informs · critiques interpretation · Industrial-periodicity and sustainability discussion
Limits inferences from slag volume.
causal hypothesis Resource and environmental constraints shaped periodic copper production at Raki 2
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · proposes interpretation · Environmental constraints, sustainability and periodicity analysis
Provides the causal framework.
date assertion Raki 2 — date assertion
informs · provides archaeological observation · Raki 2 site description, slag estimates and chronological discussion
Provides the main archaeometallurgical evidence.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Raki 2 results, slag estimate and industrial-periodicity analysis
Provides the direct production evidence and environmental constraints.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Raki 2 results, slag estimate and industrial-periodicity analysis
Provides the direct production evidence and environmental constraints.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides archaeological observation · Raki 2 results, slag estimate and industrial-periodicity analysis
Provides the direct production evidence and environmental constraints.
relationship Raki 2 — assigned to archaeological period — Southeast Arabian Early Iron Age
Evidence confidence: high
supports · dates · Raki 2 Early Iron Age chronology
Provides the phase assignment.
property assignment Raki 2 — has property — Copper production evidence
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · provides archaeological observation · Raki 2 results
Provides direct smelting evidence.
property Copper production evidence
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides archaeological observation · Raki 2 slag, settlement and industrial-periodicity results
Provides direct production evidence.
entity Raki 2
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides archaeological observation · Raki 2 site description, slag estimates and chronological discussion
Provides the main archaeometallurgical evidence.
event Large-scale copper smelting at Raki 2
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides archaeological observation · Raki 2 results, slag estimate and industrial-periodicity analysis
Provides the direct production evidence and environmental constraints.
date assertion Large-scale copper smelting at Raki 2 — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides archaeological observation · Raki 2 results, slag estimate and industrial-periodicity analysis
Provides the direct production evidence and environmental constraints.
relationship Raki 2 — located or analytically grouped within — Oman Hajar and interior oases
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides archaeological observation · Raki 2 site description, slag estimates and chronological discussion
Provides the main archaeometallurgical evidence.
claim Raki 2 provides direct evidence for a large Early Iron Age copper-smelting settlement and an extensive slag landscape.
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · provides archaeological observation · Raki 2 settlement, slag estimate and industrial analysis
Provides the primary evidence.