event · evt_raki_2_copper_smelting
Large-scale copper smelting at Raki 2
Raki 2 operated as a large copper-smelting settlement with an estimated slag field exceeding tens of thousands of tonnes.
What is the evidence?
observation
Raki 2 operated as a large copper-smelting settlement with an estimated slag field exceeding tens of thousands of tonnes.Review and provenance
Specialist reviewer: not recorded. Review date: not recorded.
Dataset workflow: proposed. This is separate from specialist review.
Confidence describes the stated assessment; it does not certify expert approval. How review works.
Chronology
Dating intervals may describe uncertainty or phases; their width alone does not establish event duration.
1300 BCE–800 BCE
Precision: archaeological period range
Chronology model: southeast Arabian Early Iron Age
highThe settlement and slag field are assigned to the southeast Arabian Early Iron Age, with production periodicity under active study.
- supports · provides archaeological observation
Methodological Advances in Understanding Environmental Constraints on Sustainability and Industrial Periodicity of Ancient Copper Smelting in Southeast Arabia — Amir Zaribaf, Joseph W. Lehner, Abigail Buffington, Ioana A. Dumitru, Smiti Nathan, Paige Paulsen, Alexander J. Sivitskis, Eli Dollarhide, Michael J. Harrower (2025)Provides the direct production evidence and environmental constraints.
Locator: Raki 2 results, slag estimate and industrial-periodicity analysis
Interpretation and caveats
The site records substantial industrial organization and resource demand. It does not reveal a continuous annual production rate, one controlling state or all export destinations.
Event context
Classification
Event type: copper smelting and industrial settlement
Evidence layer: archaeological
Timeline role: regional core
People and places
Locations: Raki 2, Southeast Arabian Gulf exchange network, Oman Hajar and interior oases
Why it matters to the timeline
Copper production is a stated research priority and Raki 2 is one of the strongest direct production datasets in the region.
Research notes
- Provides the direct production evidence and environmental constraints. Role: provides archaeological observation. Locator: Raki 2 results, slag estimate and industrial-periodicity analysis.
- Supports the extent of slag while documenting mapping underestimation. Role: supports distribution. Locator: Field mapping and remote-sensing validation at Raki.
Evidence and sources
- supports · provides archaeological observation
Methodological Advances in Understanding Environmental Constraints on Sustainability and Industrial Periodicity of Ancient Copper Smelting in Southeast Arabia — Amir Zaribaf, Joseph W. Lehner, Abigail Buffington, Ioana A. Dumitru, Smiti Nathan, Paige Paulsen, Alexander J. Sivitskis, Eli Dollarhide, Michael J. Harrower (2025)Provides the direct production evidence and environmental constraints.
Locator: Raki 2 results, slag estimate and industrial-periodicity analysis - supports · supports distribution
Detecting and Mapping Slag Heaps at Ancient Copper Production Sites in Oman — Alexander J. Sivitskis, Joseph W. Lehner, Michael J. Harrower, Ioana A. Dumitru, Paige E. Paulsen, Smiti Nathan, Daniel R. Viete, Suleiman Al-Jabri, Barbara Helwing, Frances Wiig, Daniel Moraetis, Bernhard Pracejus (2019)Supports the extent of slag while documenting mapping underestimation.
Locator: Field mapping and remote-sensing validation at Raki
Referenced records
- Southeast Arabian Gulf exchange network · entity
- Oman Hajar and interior oases · entity
- Raki 2 · entity
- Date assertion for evt_raki_2_copper_smelting · date assertion