Review and provenance

Specialist reviewer: not recorded. Review date: not recorded.

Dataset workflow: proposed. This is separate from specialist review.

Confidence describes the stated assessment; it does not certify expert approval. How review works.

Chronology

Dating intervals may describe uncertainty or phases; their width alone does not establish event duration.

Preferred assertion

1600 BCE–800 BCE

Precision: range

  • informs · supports distribution
    The Pre-Aksumite Period: Indigenous Origins and Development in the Horn of Africa — A. Catherine D’Andrea, Lynn Welton, Andrea Manzo, Helina S. Woldekiros, Steven A. Brandt, Alemseged Beldados, Elizabeth A. Peterson, Laurie A. Nixon-Darcus, Michela Gaudiello, Shannon R. Wood, Habtamu Mekonnen, Stephen Batiuk, Yemane Meresa, Abel Ruiz-Giralt, Carla Lancelotti, Abebe Mengistu Taffere, Lucas M. Johnson (2023)

    Defines the current highland research sequence.


    Locator: pp. 329–392; ETAP sites and chronology
  • informs · provides archaeological observation
    On the Verge of Domestication: Early Use of C4 Plants in the Horn of Africa — Abel Ruiz-Giralt, Laurie A. Nixon-Darcus, A. Catherine D’Andrea, Yemane Meresa, Stefano Biagetti, Carla Lancelotti (2023)

    Provides local subsistence and settlement evidence.


    Locator: Chronology and archaeobotanical results

Research description

The record follows excavated evidence in Tigrai and adjacent highlands without equating Pre-Aksumite phases, Dʿmt, languages or material culture with modern identities.

Evidence and sources

  • supports · provides archaeological observation
    On the Verge of Domestication: Early Use of C4 Plants in the Horn of Africa — Abel Ruiz-Giralt, Laurie A. Nixon-Darcus, A. Catherine D’Andrea, Yemane Meresa, Stefano Biagetti, Carla Lancelotti (2023)

    Provides local subsistence and settlement evidence.


    Locator: Chronology and archaeobotanical results
  • supports · supports distribution
    The Pre-Aksumite Period: Indigenous Origins and Development in the Horn of Africa — A. Catherine D’Andrea, Lynn Welton, Andrea Manzo, Helina S. Woldekiros, Steven A. Brandt, Alemseged Beldados, Elizabeth A. Peterson, Laurie A. Nixon-Darcus, Michela Gaudiello, Shannon R. Wood, Habtamu Mekonnen, Stephen Batiuk, Yemane Meresa, Abel Ruiz-Giralt, Carla Lancelotti, Abebe Mengistu Taffere, Lucas M. Johnson (2023)

    Defines the current highland research sequence.


    Locator: pp. 329–392; ETAP sites and chronology

Where to go next