Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: scientific archaeology book chapter
Publication: 557–577
Peer reviewed: Yes

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Records informed by this source

relationship Utica — earlier secure horizon than — Carthage
Evidence confidence: high
informs · dates · Earliest Carthage radiocarbon results
Provides the comparison horizon.
date assertion Carthage — date assertion
informs · provides chronology · pp. 557–577; earliest-level animal bone radiocarbon dates
Provides later ninth- to early eighth-century dates.
event Earliest excavated radiocarbon horizon at Carthage
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides chronology · pp. 557–577; sample contexts and radiocarbon results
Provides the earliest-level date range and contextual cautions.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides chronology · pp. 557–577; sample contexts and radiocarbon results
Provides the earliest-level date range and contextual cautions.
entity Carthage
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides chronology · pp. 557–577; earliest-level animal bone radiocarbon dates
Provides later ninth- to early eighth-century dates.
date assertion Earliest excavated radiocarbon horizon at Carthage — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides chronology · pp. 557–577; sample contexts and radiocarbon results
Provides the earliest-level date range and contextual cautions.
date assertion Earliest excavated horizon at Carthage — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides scientific dates · Animal-bone radiocarbon results
Provides the earliest excavated chronology.
event Earliest excavated horizon at Carthage
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides scientific dates · Animal-bone radiocarbon results
Provides the earliest excavated chronology.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides scientific dates · Animal-bone radiocarbon results
Provides the earliest excavated chronology.
relationship Earliest excavated horizon at Carthage — occurred at or affected — Cyprus eastern Mediterranean maritime interaction zone
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides scientific dates · Animal-bone radiocarbon results
Provides the earliest excavated chronology.
myth interpretation Carthage 814/813 BCE as Classical foundation chronology
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · dates · pp. 557–577
Provides the archaeological radiocarbon range.
claim Carthage’s 814/813 BCE foundation tradition must remain separate from the range of its earliest excavated radiocarbon dates.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · dates · pp. 557–577
Provides the earliest-level radiocarbon dates.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · dates · pp. 557–577
Provides the archaeological radiocarbon range.
relationship Research record — proposed memory of
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · dates · pp. 557–577
Provides the archaeological radiocarbon range.
relationship Research record — proposed memory of
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · dates · pp. 557–577
Provides the archaeological radiocarbon range.
claim The earliest Phoenician horizon must be dated separately at Utica, Carthage, Lixus, and other North African sites.
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports · Carthage earliest-level radiocarbon results
Provides a later ninth-century horizon at Carthage.