Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: peer-reviewed review article
Publication: Journal of Archaeological Research, vol. 30, no. 3, 371–445
Peer reviewed: Yes

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date assertion Central Mediterranean connection frame — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Provides comparative Mediterranean network context.
date assertion Balearic Islands interaction frame — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, island comparisons
Places the islands in wider Mediterranean context.
date assertion Post-Argaric systems — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian Late Bronze Age sequence
Supports varied regional trajectories.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian sequence
Provides the broader terminal and post-Argaric sequence.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian sequence
Provides the broader terminal and post-Argaric sequence.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian sequence
Provides the broader terminal and post-Argaric sequence.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian sequence
Provides the broader terminal and post-Argaric sequence.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian Late Bronze Age synthesis
Supports varied regional trajectories.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian Late Bronze Age synthesis
Supports varied regional trajectories.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian Late Bronze Age synthesis
Supports varied regional trajectories.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Provides the wider Mediterranean network model.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Provides the wider Mediterranean network model.
date assertion Southeast Iberia and post-Argaric interaction frame — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberia and western Mediterranean synthesis
Provides the comparative Late Bronze Age frame.
date assertion Cantabrian coast interaction frame — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, western Mediterranean and Iberian comparisons
Provides broad comparative context but limited local resolution.
date assertion Late El Argar — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian synthesis
Places late Argaric developments in wider context.
date assertion Northeast Iberian cremation horizon — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, funerary and mobility comparisons
Provides wider Mediterranean context.
date assertion Baiões/Santa Luzia regional assemblage — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Atlantic and Iberian synthesis
Provides broader chronological context.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: low
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian settlement comparisons
Provides broader but lower-resolution context.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: low
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian settlement comparisons
Provides broader but lower-resolution context.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: low
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian settlement comparisons
Provides broader but lower-resolution context.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: low
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian and Atlantic comparisons
Provides broad chronological and network context.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: low
informs · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian and Atlantic comparisons
Provides broad chronological and network context.
event Late Bronze Age settlement and Atlantic-facing activity along the Cantabrian coast
Evidence confidence: low
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian and Atlantic comparisons
Provides broad chronological and network context.
claim El Argar is an archaeological system label, not a securely attested ancient self-designation or ethnicity.
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Uses comparative archaeological categories rather than ancient ethnonyms.
claim The terminal date of El Argar is best represented as a range around the mid-sixteenth century BCE, with regional residual or successor practices treated separately.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Provides later regional sequence comparison.
causal hypothesis Argaric institutional reproduction crisis
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Places the terminal transition in a comparative frame.
date assertion Terminal transformation of the Argaric institutional system — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian sequence
Provides the broader terminal and post-Argaric sequence.
date assertion Post-Argaric regional reorganization in southeast Iberia — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian Late Bronze Age synthesis
Supports varied regional trajectories.
date assertion Emergence of selected hilltop and enclosed settlement antecedents in northwest Iberia — date assertion
Evidence confidence: low
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian settlement comparisons
Provides broader but lower-resolution context.
date assertion Late Bronze Age settlement and Atlantic-facing activity along the Cantabrian coast — date assertion
Evidence confidence: low
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian and Atlantic comparisons
Provides broad chronological and network context.
date assertion Intermittent and often indirect Mediterranean exchange involving Iberian communities — date assertion
Evidence confidence: low
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Provides the wider Mediterranean network model.
relationship Post-Argaric systems — chronologically follows — Late El Argar
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Provides the sequence.
ranked model model_iberia1_argar_end_ranked
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Supports varied regional outcomes.
geography assertion Late El Argar — geography assertion
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian maps and synthesis
Provides comparative chronological context.
claim Late Bronze hilltop or enclosed settlements cannot be assigned automatically to later Lusitanian, Celtic, Celtiberian or named castro peoples.
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Provides Late Bronze comparative framing without later ethnonyms.
claim Before the ninth century BCE, many claimed Mediterranean connections with Iberia are better modelled as intermittent or indirect than as permanent colonies.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Provides a broader network model.
entity Southeast Iberia and post-Argaric interaction frame
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberia and western Mediterranean synthesis
Provides the comparative Late Bronze Age frame.
property Archaeological label, not an ethnonym
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Supports cross-regional archaeological comparison without ethnic equivalence.
entity Cantabrian coast interaction frame
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, western Mediterranean and Iberian comparisons
Provides broad comparative context but limited local resolution.
entity Balearic Islands interaction frame
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, island comparisons
Places the islands in wider Mediterranean context.
entity Central Mediterranean connection frame
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Provides comparative Mediterranean network context.
entity Late El Argar
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian synthesis
Places late Argaric developments in wider context.
entity Post-Argaric systems
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian Late Bronze Age sequence
Supports varied regional trajectories.
entity Northeast Iberian cremation horizon
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, funerary and mobility comparisons
Provides wider Mediterranean context.
entity Baiões/Santa Luzia regional assemblage
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Atlantic and Iberian synthesis
Provides broader chronological context.
event Terminal transformation of the Argaric institutional system
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian sequence
Provides the broader terminal and post-Argaric sequence.
event Post-Argaric regional reorganization in southeast Iberia
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian Late Bronze Age synthesis
Supports varied regional trajectories.
event Emergence of selected hilltop and enclosed settlement antecedents in northwest Iberia
Evidence confidence: low
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445, Iberian settlement comparisons
Provides broader but lower-resolution context.
event Intermittent and often indirect Mediterranean exchange involving Iberian communities
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 371–445
Provides the wider Mediterranean network model.
date assertion Intermittent and often indirect Mediterranean exchange involving Iberian communities — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · dates · See linked source chronology or phase model
A more conservative range for classes of securely Mediterranean-linked material.
date assertion Terminal transformation of the Argaric institutional system — date assertion
Evidence confidence: low
supports · dates · See linked source chronology or phase model
Some post-Argaric chronologies allow selected terminal or residual practices after c. 1550 BCE; this is not the preferred system-wide range.
claim The Cantabrian coast remains under-resolved in this release and should not be portrayed as archaeologically empty.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · pp. 371–445
Provides broad context while exposing resolution limits.
claim Lusitanian, Iberian, Celtiberian and “Celtic” labels cannot be projected automatically onto communities of 1600–800 BCE.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · supports · pp. 371–445
Uses chronological archaeological terminology for the Late Bronze Age.
claim The Iberian evidence between 1600 and 800 BCE does not support one synchronous peninsula-wide collapse.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · pp. 371–445
Synthesizes multiple trajectories.
claim The end of Argaric institutions does not establish a peninsula-wide collapse around 1550 BCE.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · pp. 371–445
Documents varied Mediterranean and Iberian trajectories.
causal hypothesis Post-Argaric decentralized reorganization
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · pp. 371–445
Supports varied regional trajectories.
claim Post-Argaric material change does not by itself demonstrate population replacement.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · pp. 371–445
Supports plural mobility and transformation models.
property assignment Post-Argaric systems — has evidence property — Modern analytical model
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment and caveat · pp. 371–445
It groups varied aftermath sequences without asserting one successor people.