Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: peer-reviewed journal article
Publication: Pasiphae: Rivista di Filologia e Antichità Egee, Fabrizio Serra Editore, vol. 7, 133–146
Peer reviewed: Yes

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Records informed by this source

relationship Early Iron Age metallurgical innovation and changing copper organization — occurred at or affected — Kition-Kathari
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Long-term copper production
Separates production continuity from export scale.
relationship Cape Gelidonya shipwreck — connected by cargo to — Cyprus eastern Mediterranean maritime interaction zone
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Late copper cargo systems
Provides the Cypriot production context.
relationship Uluburun shipwreck — connected by cargo to — Cyprus eastern Mediterranean maritime interaction zone
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot copper exports
Places the cargo within the island's production system.
entity Troodos copper ore and slag landscapes
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Mining and production-chain synthesis
Defines the multi-stage archaeometallurgical landscape.
causal hypothesis Iron innovation responded partly to changing networks
Evidence confidence: low
informs · contextualizes · Copper production transition
Provides the copper-side comparison.
relationship Loss of the Cape Gelidonya metalworking cargo — occurred at or affected — Cyprus eastern Mediterranean maritime interaction zone
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Copper trade and post-thirteenth-century transition
Places the wreck within changing metal networks.
relationship Loss of the Cape Gelidonya metalworking cargo — occurred at or affected — Cape Gelidonya shipwreck
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Copper trade and post-thirteenth-century transition
Places the wreck within changing metal networks.
relationship Loss of the Uluburun copper-ingot cargo — occurred at or affected — Cyprus eastern Mediterranean maritime interaction zone
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot copper export evidence
Places the cargo within production and trade debates.
relationship Loss of the Uluburun copper-ingot cargo — occurred at or affected — Uluburun shipwreck
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot copper export evidence
Places the cargo within production and trade debates.
relationship Skouriotissa mining and slag landscape — located within research landscape — Solea copper axis
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot mining and slag evidence
Provides production-history synthesis.
relationship Politiko-Phorades — located within research landscape — Troodos copper ore and slag landscapes
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Production-chain synthesis
Places Phorades within multi-stage production.
relationship Early Iron Age metallurgical innovation and changing copper organization — occurred at or affected — Troodos copper ore and slag landscapes
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Long-term copper production
Separates production continuity from export scale.
relationship Early Iron Age metallurgical innovation and changing copper organization — occurred at or affected — Enkomi
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Long-term copper production
Separates production continuity from export scale.
date assertion Troodos copper ore and slag landscapes — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · Mining and production-chain synthesis
Defines the multi-stage archaeometallurgical landscape.
entity Politiko-Phorades
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · contextualizes · Production-chain synthesis
Places Phorades within multi-stage production.
date assertion Politiko-Phorades — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · Production-chain synthesis
Places Phorades within multi-stage production.
entity Skouriotissa mining and slag landscape
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot mining and slag evidence
Provides production-history synthesis.
date assertion Skouriotissa mining and slag landscape — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot mining and slag evidence
Provides production-history synthesis.
entity Troodos mining and smelting communities
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Production-chain synthesis
Supports multiple labour stages and locations.
date assertion Troodos mining and smelting communities — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · Production-chain synthesis
Supports multiple labour stages and locations.
entity Uluburun shipwreck
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot copper trade
Links cargo form and likely provenance to production systems.
date assertion Uluburun shipwreck — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot copper trade
Links cargo form and likely provenance to production systems.
entity Cape Gelidonya shipwreck
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot copper production and trade
Connects ingots to wider systems.
date assertion Cape Gelidonya shipwreck — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot copper production and trade
Connects ingots to wider systems.
event Early Iron Age metallurgical innovation and changing copper organization
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Long-term copper production
Separates production continuity from export scale.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Long-term copper production
Separates production continuity from export scale.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Long-term copper production
Separates production continuity from export scale.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Long-term copper production
Separates production continuity from export scale.
event Loss of the Uluburun copper-ingot cargo
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot copper export evidence
Places the cargo within production and trade debates.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot copper export evidence
Places the cargo within production and trade debates.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot copper export evidence
Places the cargo within production and trade debates.
event Loss of the Cape Gelidonya metalworking cargo
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Copper trade and post-thirteenth-century transition
Places the wreck within changing metal networks.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Copper trade and post-thirteenth-century transition
Places the wreck within changing metal networks.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Copper trade and post-thirteenth-century transition
Places the wreck within changing metal networks.
date assertion Loss of the Cape Gelidonya metalworking cargo — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Copper trade and post-thirteenth-century transition
Places the wreck within changing metal networks.
date assertion Loss of the Uluburun copper-ingot cargo — date assertion
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · contextualizes · Cypriot copper export evidence
Places the cargo within production and trade debates.
date assertion Early Iron Age metallurgical innovation and changing copper organization — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · contextualizes · Long-term copper production
Separates production continuity from export scale.
property Copper-production node
informs · defines property · Production-chain synthesis
Defines separable stages and evidential cautions.
geography assertion Skouriotissa mining and slag landscape — geography assertion
informs · locates · Ore body, workings, and slag landscape locator
Representative point for the archaeological site. It is not a settlement footprint, harbour boundary, cemetery extent, or political territory.
event Contraction of the oxhide-ingot export system
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides metallurgical synthesis · Copper production and trade transition
Reviews changing export evidence.
relationship Contraction of the oxhide-ingot export system — occurred at or affected — Troodos copper ore and slag landscapes
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides metallurgical synthesis · Copper production and trade transition
Reviews changing export evidence.
relationship Contraction of the oxhide-ingot export system — occurred at or affected — Cyprus eastern Mediterranean maritime interaction zone
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides metallurgical synthesis · Copper production and trade transition
Reviews changing export evidence.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides metallurgical synthesis · Copper production and trade transition
Reviews changing export evidence.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides metallurgical synthesis · Copper production and trade transition
Reviews changing export evidence.
date assertion Contraction of the oxhide-ingot export system — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides metallurgical synthesis · Copper production and trade transition
Reviews changing export evidence.
entity Apliki-Karamallos
Evidence confidence: high
informs · provides source criticism · Production-chain synthesis
Limits direct control claims.
date assertion Apliki-Karamallos — date assertion
informs · provides source criticism · Production-chain synthesis
Limits direct control claims.
entity Solea copper axis
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides source criticism · Production and trade synthesis
Separates source attribution from control and export.
date assertion Solea copper axis — date assertion
informs · provides source criticism · Production and trade synthesis
Separates source attribution from control and export.
relationship Troodos mining and smelting communities — participated in — Troodos copper ore and slag landscapes
Evidence confidence: near certain
informs · supports · Copper production-chain synthesis
Separates mining, smelting, and downstream stages.
causal hypothesis Network disruption reduced bulk copper exports
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · supports · Copper trade transition
Reviews production and export evidence.
property assignment Skouriotissa mining and slag landscape — has evidence classification — Copper-production node
Evidence confidence: high
informs · supports assignment · Mining and slag synthesis
Ore bodies, ancient workings, and slag identify a long-lived metallurgical landscape, though Late Bronze phases are not uniformly dated.
ranked model How was copper production organized across mining, smelting, refining, manufacture, and export?
informs · supports model comparison · Production and trade synthesis
Separates production stages and reviews organization.
geography assertion Troodos copper ore and slag landscapes — geography assertion
informs · supports reconstruction · Synthesis of ore bodies, ancient mines, slag, and production sites
Schematic envelope for the central and north-western Troodos metallurgical landscape. It separates ore and primary-production terrain from coastal workshops and cargoes.
claim The oxhide-ingot form documents standardized handling and exchange practices but is not by itself a state emblem, proof of Cypriot ownership, or marker of one trade route.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · Ingot production and trade
Provides the Cypriot production argument without equating form and polity.
myth interpretation Kinyras as a literary memory of Cypriot kingship and metal wealth
Evidence confidence: very low
supports · provides independent archaeological context · Cypriot copper production
Documents the material system without identifying Kinyras.
relationship Research record — proposed memory of
Evidence confidence: very low
supports · provides independent archaeological context · Cypriot copper production
Documents the material system without identifying Kinyras.
relationship Research record — proposed memory of
Evidence confidence: very low
supports · provides independent archaeological context · Cypriot copper production
Documents the material system without identifying Kinyras.
relationship Research record — proposed memory of
Evidence confidence: very low
supports · provides independent archaeological context · Cypriot copper production
Documents the material system without identifying Kinyras.
claim Lead-isotope compatibility can constrain ore-source hypotheses but cannot identify the ruler, workshop, shipment owner, route, or political system that moved copper.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · provides source criticism · Provenance and trade synthesis
Separates source attribution from organization.
claim The Apliki–Solea region was an important copper source, but current evidence does not establish it as the exclusive source of all post-1400 BCE Cypriot copper exports.
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · qualifies · Island-wide ore and production evidence
Supports a broader multi-locality model.
claim Ore provenance, mining, primary smelting, matte transport, refining, alloying, casting, oxhide-ingot form, cargo movement, and political control must be represented as separate …
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · supports · Production-chain synthesis
Separates mining, smelting, casting and trade.
claim The balance of textual, geological, petrographic, and exchange evidence strongly supports identifying Late Bronze Age Alashiya with Cyprus or a polity centred on Cyprus.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · Cypriot copper production and trade
Supports the island's capacity to supply the documented copper.
claim Copper extraction and metalworking continued into the Early Iron Age, but the volume, organization, and destinations of exports are less directly visible than in the oxhide-ingo…
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports · Post-Late Bronze copper discussion
Reviews continuity and changed visibility.
claim Cypriot urban and coastal centres depended on inland ore, smelting, agriculture, storage, labour, routes, and rural communities, while inland producers depended on coastal excha…
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · Copper production and trade system
Links ore zones and exchange.