Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: handbook chapter
Publication: Oxford University Press, 548–559
Peer reviewed: Yes

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claim Genetic ancestry cannot by itself establish whether a Late Bronze or Early Iron Age community spoke Armenian, Kartvelian, Hurrian, Urartian, Iranian, or another language.
Evidence confidence: near certain
contextualizes · contextualizes · State, population, and identity distinctions
Source linked to claim record claim_srsc1_adna_not_language.
relationship Uruatri — possible historical predecessor label — Urartu
Evidence confidence: moderate
contextualizes · contextualizes · Urartian identity and state
Source linked to relationship record rel_srsc1_uruatri_precedes_urartu.
date assertion Emergence of the Urartian state — date assertion
Evidence confidence: very high
contradicts_or_criticizes · critiques identity equation · pp. 548–559
Distinguishes state, language, and populations.
event Emergence of the Urartian state
Evidence confidence: very high
contradicts_or_criticizes · critiques identity equation · pp. 548–559
Distinguishes state, language, and populations.
date assertion Emergence of the Urartian state — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
contradicts_or_criticizes · critiques identity equation · pp. 548–559
Distinguishes state, language, and populations.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · critiques identity equation · pp. 548–559
Distinguishes state, language, and populations.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · critiques identity equation · pp. 548–559
Distinguishes state, language, and populations.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · critiques identity equation · pp. 548–559
Distinguishes state, language, and populations.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · critiques identity equation · pp. 548–559
Distinguishes state, language, and populations.
date assertion Uruatri — date assertion
informs · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
date assertion Diauehi — date assertion
informs · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
date assertion Urartu — date assertion
informs · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
claim Modern nationalist narratives can overstate continuity between archaeological cultures and present nations, so identity claims require explicit source criticism.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · provides case · Urartian identity distinctions
Source linked to claim record claim_srsc1_nationalist_legacy_requires_source_criticism.
entity Urartu
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
Source linked to entity record pol_srsc1_urartu.
entity Diauehi
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
Source linked to entity record text_srsc1_diauehi.
entity Uruatri
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
Source linked to entity record text_srsc1_uruatri.
claim Urartian state material culture is an administrative and political assemblage, not a direct measure of homogeneous ethnicity.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · Urartian/Urartians distinction
Source linked to claim record claim_srsc1_urartian_assemblage_not_ethnicity.
claim Early Assyrian Uruatri should not be represented as the already consolidated ninth-century Urartian state.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · State and population distinctions
Source linked to claim record claim_srsc1_uruatri_not_mature_urartu.