event · evt_bi_penard_metalwork_horizon
Penard metalwork horizon
Metalwork associations conventionally grouped as Penard fall broadly in the later thirteenth and twelfth centuries BCE.
What is the evidence?
observation
Metalwork associations conventionally grouped as Penard fall broadly in the later thirteenth and twelfth centuries BCE.observed evidence
Metalwork associations conventionally grouped as Penard fall broadly in the later thirteenth and twelfth centuries BCE.Penard is a typological horizon with overlapping absolute dates, not an event caused by eastern Mediterranean crises or a population label.
Inspect the sources →Review and provenance
Specialist reviewer: not recorded. Review date: not recorded.
Dataset workflow: proposed. This is separate from specialist review.
Confidence describes the stated assessment; it does not certify expert approval. How review works.
Chronology
Dating intervals may describe uncertainty or phases; their width alone does not establish event duration.
1300 BCE–1150 BCE
Precision: typological phase with broad absolute dates
Chronology model: regionally resolved positive bce
moderatePositive BCE integers are used; the larger value is earlier. The range preserves archaeological and calibration uncertainty. Penard is a typological horizon with overlapping absolute dates, not an event caused by eastern Mediterranean crises or a population label.
- supports · dates
An Independent Chronology for British Bronze Age Metalwork: The Results of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Programme — Stuart Needham, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, David Coombs, Caroline Cartwright, Paul Pettitt (1997)Presents 46 radiocarbon measurements on organics physically associated with metalwork and revises Middle to Late Bronze Age phase chronology.
Locator: Abstract; pp. 55–107; chronological synthesis tables - supports · dates
History of Bronze Age research in Scotland, including summary chronologies — Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (2012)Provides explicit southern British and Scottish phase tables and cautions that southern British chronology cannot simply be transferred to Scotland.
Locator: Sections 1.2 and 1.2.5, Tables 1 and 2
Interpretation and caveats
Penard is a typological horizon with overlapping absolute dates, not an event caused by eastern Mediterranean crises or a population label.
Event context
Classification
Event type: metalwork phase
Evidence layer: archaeological
Timeline role: regional core
People and places
Locations: Penard metalwork phase
Affected entities: Penard metalwork phase
Why it matters to the timeline
This regional-core event supplies the required local metalwork chronology around 1200 BCE.
Research notes
- Presents 46 radiocarbon measurements on organics physically associated with metalwork and revises Middle to Late Bronze Age phase chronology. Role: provides evidence and date. Locator: Abstract; pp. 55–107; chronological synthesis tables.
- Provides explicit southern British and Scottish phase tables and cautions that southern British chronology cannot simply be transferred to Scotland. Role: provides evidence and date. Locator: Sections 1.2 and 1.2.5, Tables 1 and 2.
Evidence and sources
- supports · provides evidence and date
An Independent Chronology for British Bronze Age Metalwork: The Results of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Programme — Stuart Needham, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, David Coombs, Caroline Cartwright, Paul Pettitt (1997)Presents 46 radiocarbon measurements on organics physically associated with metalwork and revises Middle to Late Bronze Age phase chronology.
Locator: Abstract; pp. 55–107; chronological synthesis tables - supports · provides evidence and date
History of Bronze Age research in Scotland, including summary chronologies — Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (2012)Provides explicit southern British and Scottish phase tables and cautions that southern British chronology cannot simply be transferred to Scotland.
Locator: Sections 1.2 and 1.2.5, Tables 1 and 2
Referenced records
- Penard metalwork phase · entity