entity · phase_bi_penard
Penard metalwork phase
British metalwork phase conventionally placed in the later thirteenth and twelfth centuries BCE.
Review and provenance
Specialist reviewer: not recorded. Review date: not recorded.
Dataset workflow: proposed. This is separate from specialist review.
Confidence describes the stated assessment; it does not certify expert approval. How review works.
Chronology
Dating intervals may describe uncertainty or phases; their width alone does not establish event duration.
1300 BCE–1150 BCE
Precision: broad archaeological range
- informs · defines or contextualizes
An Independent Chronology for British Bronze Age Metalwork: The Results of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Programme — Stuart Needham, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, David Coombs, Caroline Cartwright, Paul Pettitt (1997)Presents 46 radiocarbon measurements on organics physically associated with metalwork and revises Middle to Late Bronze Age phase chronology.
Locator: Abstract; pp. 55–107; chronological synthesis tables - informs · defines or contextualizes
History of Bronze Age research in Scotland, including summary chronologies — Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (2012)Provides explicit southern British and Scottish phase tables and cautions that southern British chronology cannot simply be transferred to Scotland.
Locator: Sections 1.2 and 1.2.5, Tables 1 and 2
Research description
Penard is a typological and chronological tool whose absolute dates remain subject to radiocarbon calibration and local association. It is not a people or an event.
Properties and assignments
A label’s definition and the evidence for assigning it here are separate.
Archaeological label, not a people
The name is a modern archaeological classification rather than an ancient self-designation.
Why does this record have this property?
Penard metalwork phase is used as an archaeological classification and is not treated as an ancient people.
- An Independent Chronology for British Bronze Age Metalwork: The Results of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Programme
supports assignment · Abstract; pp. 55–107; chronological synthesis tables - History of Bronze Age research in Scotland, including summary chronologies
supports assignment · Sections 1.2 and 1.2.5, Tables 1 and 2
Radiocarbon plateau or broad calibration affected
Absolute dating is widened or blurred by calibration structure and sample limitations.
Why does this record have this property?
Absolute chronology remains broader than a single typological boundary because calibrated ranges, sample histories or association quality limit precision.
- An Independent Chronology for British Bronze Age Metalwork: The Results of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Programme
supports assignment · Abstract; pp. 55–107; chronological synthesis tables - History of Bronze Age research in Scotland, including summary chronologies
supports assignment · Sections 1.2 and 1.2.5, Tables 1 and 2
Evidence and sources
- supports · defines or contextualizes
An Independent Chronology for British Bronze Age Metalwork: The Results of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Programme — Stuart Needham, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, David Coombs, Caroline Cartwright, Paul Pettitt (1997)Presents 46 radiocarbon measurements on organics physically associated with metalwork and revises Middle to Late Bronze Age phase chronology.
Locator: Abstract; pp. 55–107; chronological synthesis tables - supports · defines or contextualizes
History of Bronze Age research in Scotland, including summary chronologies — Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (2012)Provides explicit southern British and Scottish phase tables and cautions that southern British chronology cannot simply be transferred to Scotland.
Locator: Sections 1.2 and 1.2.5, Tables 1 and 2