event · evt_iberia1_gadir_archaeological_horizon
Archaeologically attested early settlement horizon at Gadir
Excavated urban remains at Gadir belong to the ninth and eighth centuries BCE, materially later than the traditional 1104/1103 BCE literary date.
What is the evidence?
observation
Excavated urban remains at Gadir belong to the ninth and eighth centuries BCE, materially later than the traditional 1104/1103 BCE literary date.Review and provenance
Specialist reviewer: not recorded. Review date: not recorded.
Dataset workflow: proposed. This is separate from specialist review.
Confidence describes the stated assessment; it does not certify expert approval. How review works.
Chronology
Dating intervals may describe uncertainty or phases; their width alone does not establish event duration.
900 BCE–800 BCE
Precision: range
highPreferred display range for this release. It preserves BCE ordering and does not suppress narrower samples, phase dates or alternatives listed separately.
- supports · provides archaeological observation
Gadir, su estructura plural. Un modo de ver su fundación fenicia en el espacio y en el tiempo — Diego Ruiz Mata (2018)Provides the phased archaeological model.
Locator: Gadir chronology and plural-settlement sections - supports · critiques interpretation
La fundación arcaica de Gadir. La construcción historiográfica de una ciudad ¿real o inventada? — Ana M.ª Niveau de Villedary y Mariñas (2019)Separates the literary tradition from excavated evidence.
Locator: historiographic foundation analysis - supports · contextualizes
Yacimiento Arqueológico Gadir — Turismo de AndalucíaConfirms the public excavated ninth-century horizon.
Locator: site description: ninth-century streets and houses
850 BCE–800 BCE
Precision: broad range
moderateA narrower late ninth- to early eighth-century horizon may fit the most securely visible urban remains.
- supports · dates
Gadir, su estructura plural. Un modo de ver su fundación fenicia en el espacio y en el tiempo — Diego Ruiz Mata (2018)A narrower late ninth- to early eighth-century horizon may fit the most securely visible urban remains.
Locator: See linked source chronology or phase model - supports · dates
The Phoenician diaspora in the westernmost Mediterranean: recent discoveries — José Suárez-Padilla, Víctor Jiménez-Jáimez, José L. Caro (2021)A narrower late ninth- to early eighth-century horizon may fit the most securely visible urban remains.
Locator: See linked source chronology or phase model
Interpretation and caveats
The preferred atlas model separates a phased archaeological settlement horizon from the later literary foundation tradition.
Event context
Classification
Event type: settlement foundation horizon
Evidence layer: archaeological
Timeline role: regional core
People and places
Locations: Gadir archaeological site, Gadir foundation tradition
Why it matters to the timeline
Gadir chronology and foundation traditions are explicit required uncertainty topics.
Alternative interpretations
- Some formulations place the most securely visible urban horizon in the later ninth or early eighth century BCE rather than the entire 900–800 range. (moderate confidence)
Research notes
- Provides the phased archaeological model. Role: provides archaeological observation. Locator: Gadir chronology and plural-settlement sections.
- Separates the literary tradition from excavated evidence. Role: critiques interpretation. Locator: historiographic foundation analysis.
- Confirms the public excavated ninth-century horizon. Role: contextualizes. Locator: site description: ninth-century streets and houses.
Evidence and sources
- supports · provides archaeological observation
Gadir, su estructura plural. Un modo de ver su fundación fenicia en el espacio y en el tiempo — Diego Ruiz Mata (2018)Provides the phased archaeological model.
Locator: Gadir chronology and plural-settlement sections - supports · critiques interpretation
La fundación arcaica de Gadir. La construcción historiográfica de una ciudad ¿real o inventada? — Ana M.ª Niveau de Villedary y Mariñas (2019)Separates the literary tradition from excavated evidence.
Locator: historiographic foundation analysis - supports · contextualizes
Yacimiento Arqueológico Gadir — Turismo de AndalucíaConfirms the public excavated ninth-century horizon.
Locator: site description: ninth-century streets and houses
Referenced records
- Gadir archaeological site · entity
- Gadir foundation tradition · entity