Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: peer-reviewed journal article
Publication: Antiquity, vol. 95, no. 384, 1495–1510
Peer reviewed: Yes

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date assertion Guadalquivir and southwest Iberian interaction frame — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 1495–1510
Supports the ninth-century contact horizon.
date assertion Strait of Gibraltar interaction frame — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 1495–1510
Provides the early colonial-contact chronology on the Iberian side.
date assertion Tartessos terminology — date assertion
informs · contextualizes · pp. 1495–1510
Provides a securely dated early contact context without requiring a Tartessian polity.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · dates · pp. 1495–1510, Huelva Bayesian model
Provides the modelled start range and archaeological context.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · dates · pp. 1495–1510, Huelva Bayesian model
Provides the modelled start range and archaeological context.
date assertion Huelva, Cabezo de San Pedro and lower-city contexts — date assertion
informs · provides archaeological observation · pp. 1495–1510, Huelva Bayesian model and settlement discussion
Provides the dated contact horizon.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides archaeological observation · pp. 1495–1510
Provides early Iberian settlement and contact evidence.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides archaeological observation · pp. 1495–1510
Provides early Iberian settlement and contact evidence.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides archaeological observation · pp. 1495–1510
Provides early Iberian settlement and contact evidence.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides archaeological observation · pp. 1495–1510
Provides early Iberian settlement and contact evidence.
date assertion Phoenician-associated and indigenous interaction network — date assertion
informs · provides archaeological observation · pp. 1495–1510
Provides early settlement and Bayesian chronological evidence.
claim Tartessos should not be projected as a fixed kingdom across southwest Iberia throughout 1600–800 BCE.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · contextualizes · pp. 1495–1510
Provides securely dated ninth-century contexts without requiring the term.
relationship Gadir archaeological site — participates in — Phoenician-associated and indigenous interaction network
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 1495–1510
Places it in the far-western diaspora sequence.
entity Tartessos terminology
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · contextualizes · pp. 1495–1510
Provides a securely dated early contact context without requiring a Tartessian polity.
entity Guadalquivir and southwest Iberian interaction frame
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 1495–1510
Supports the ninth-century contact horizon.
entity Strait of Gibraltar interaction frame
Evidence confidence: high
supports · contextualizes · pp. 1495–1510
Provides the early colonial-contact chronology on the Iberian side.
event Earliest securely modelled Phoenician-associated quarter at Huelva
Evidence confidence: high
supports · dates · pp. 1495–1510, Huelva Bayesian model
Provides the modelled start range and archaeological context.
date assertion Archaeologically attested early settlement horizon at Gadir — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · dates · See linked source chronology or phase model
A narrower late ninth- to early eighth-century horizon may fit the most securely visible urban remains.
date assertion Earliest securely modelled Phoenician-associated quarter at Huelva — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · dates · See linked source chronology or phase model
Published modelled start interval for the Phoenician-associated Huelva quarter.
ranked model model_iberia1_gadir_foundation_ranked
supports · dates · pp. 1495–1510
Provides regional ninth-century chronology.
relationship Earliest securely modelled Phoenician-associated quarter at Huelva — chronologically precedes or overlaps — Archaeologically attested early settlement horizon at Gadir
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · dates · pp. 1495–1510
Provides the Huelva Bayesian chronology.
date assertion Earliest securely modelled Phoenician-associated quarter at Huelva — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · dates · pp. 1495–1510, Huelva Bayesian model
Provides the modelled start range and archaeological context.
property Early colonial-contact phase
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides archaeological observation · pp. 1495–1510
Provides dated early western Phoenician-associated contexts.
entity Huelva, Cabezo de San Pedro and lower-city contexts
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides archaeological observation · pp. 1495–1510, Huelva Bayesian model and settlement discussion
Provides the dated contact horizon.
entity Phoenician-associated and indigenous interaction network
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides archaeological observation · pp. 1495–1510
Provides early settlement and Bayesian chronological evidence.
event Local and Phoenician-associated interaction around the Strait of Gibraltar
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides archaeological observation · pp. 1495–1510
Provides early Iberian settlement and contact evidence.
date assertion Local and Phoenician-associated interaction around the Strait of Gibraltar — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides archaeological observation · pp. 1495–1510
Provides early Iberian settlement and contact evidence.
relationship Huelva, Cabezo de San Pedro and lower-city contexts — participates in — Phoenician-associated and indigenous interaction network
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides archaeological observation · pp. 1495–1510, Huelva model
Provides the chronology and context.
relationship Tartessos terminology — not equivalent to — Phoenician-associated and indigenous interaction network
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · provides archaeological observation · pp. 1495–1510
Provides dated interaction evidence without the equivalence.
relationship Local-agency model for early colonial interaction — hypothesis about — Local and Phoenician-associated interaction around the Strait of Gibraltar
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · pp. 1495–1510
Provides contact evidence.
claim The best current model places the beginning of the Phoenician-associated Huelva quarter in the ninth century BCE, probably its later half.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · pp. 1495–1510, Bayesian model
Provides the modelled interval.
claim Early Phoenician-associated contact in the far west involved active indigenous communities rather than passive replacement.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · pp. 1495–1510
Provides mixed settlement contexts.
claim A Phoenician-associated object does not by itself prove a resident merchant, colony or direct eastern voyage.
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports · pp. 1495–1510
Uses settlement and chronology rather than isolated imports.
causal hypothesis Local-agency model for early colonial interaction
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · pp. 1495–1510
Provides early mixed settlement evidence.
property assignment Phoenician-associated and indigenous interaction network — has evidence property — Early colonial-contact phase
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports assignment and caveat · pp. 1495–1510
The form of residence and interaction varies by site.
geography assertion Strait of Gibraltar interaction frame — geography assertion
supports · supports distribution · pp. 1495–1510, westernmost Mediterranean map and sites
Provides the southern Iberian contact anchors.