Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: edited_chronology_reference
Publication: Brill
Peer reviewed: Not specified

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Records informed by this source

relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Early Dynastic chronology chapters
Provides ruler-sequence cautions.
event Early Dynastic royal cemeteries and institutional consolidation
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Early Dynastic chronology chapters
Provides ruler-sequence cautions.
relationship Early dynastic Nile state — involved or associated with — Early Dynastic royal cemeteries and institutional consolidation
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Early Dynastic chronology chapters
Provides ruler-sequence cautions.
relationship Early Dynastic royal cemeteries and institutional consolidation — occurred at or involved — Saqqara
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Early Dynastic chronology chapters
Provides ruler-sequence cautions.
relationship Early Dynastic royal cemeteries and institutional consolidation — occurred at or involved — Abydos
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Early Dynastic chronology chapters
Provides ruler-sequence cautions.
date assertion Early Dynastic royal cemeteries and institutional consolidation — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Early Dynastic chronology chapters
Provides ruler-sequence cautions.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Early Dynastic chronology chapters
Provides ruler-sequence cautions.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides chronological context · Amenemhat I and Dynasty 12 chronology
Supports reign context.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides chronological context · Amenemhat I and Dynasty 12 chronology
Supports reign context.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides chronology caution · Dynasties 9–11 chronology
Supports overlap and uncertainty.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · provides chronology caution · Dynasties 9–11 chronology
Supports overlap and uncertainty.
property Modern research reconstruction
Evidence confidence: high
supports · defines and contextualizes · Chronological methods and model dependence
Supports the definition and its limits.
property Early Dynastic Period
Evidence confidence: high
supports · defines and contextualizes · Early Dynastic chronology chapters
Supports the definition and its limits.
entity Early Dynastic Period
Evidence confidence: high
supports · defines period · Chronological overview and period discussion
Defines the period and its qualifications.
date assertion Early Dynastic Period — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · defines period · Chronological overview and period discussion
Defines the period and its qualifications.
relationship Royal residence and court — involved or associated with — Establishment of the Middle Kingdom residence at Itjtawy
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides chronological context · Amenemhat I and Dynasty 12 chronology
Supports reign context.
date assertion Establishment of the Middle Kingdom residence at Itjtawy — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides chronological context · Amenemhat I and Dynasty 12 chronology
Supports reign context.
event Establishment of the Middle Kingdom residence at Itjtawy
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides chronological context · Amenemhat I and Dynasty 12 chronology
Supports reign context.
relationship Establishment of the Middle Kingdom residence at Itjtawy — occurred at or involved — Lisht
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides chronological context · Amenemhat I and Dynasty 12 chronology
Supports reign context.
relationship Establishment of the Middle Kingdom residence at Itjtawy — occurred at or involved — Itjtawy
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides chronological context · Amenemhat I and Dynasty 12 chronology
Supports reign context.
relationship Amenemhat I — involved or associated with — Establishment of the Middle Kingdom residence at Itjtawy
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides chronological context · Amenemhat I and Dynasty 12 chronology
Supports reign context.
date assertion Herakleopolitan and Theban rival kingships — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides chronology caution · Dynasties 9–11 chronology
Supports overlap and uncertainty.
event Herakleopolitan and Theban rival kingships
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides chronology caution · Dynasties 9–11 chronology
Supports overlap and uncertainty.
relationship Herakleopolitan and Theban rival kingships — occurred at or involved — Memphis
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides chronology caution · Dynasties 9–11 chronology
Supports overlap and uncertainty.
relationship Herakleopolitan and Theban rival kingships — occurred at or involved — Thebes
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides chronology caution · Dynasties 9–11 chronology
Supports overlap and uncertainty.
relationship Herakleopolitan royal formation — involved or associated with — Herakleopolitan and Theban rival kingships
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides chronology caution · Dynasties 9–11 chronology
Supports overlap and uncertainty.
relationship Theban Dynasty 11 kingdom — involved or associated with — Herakleopolitan and Theban rival kingships
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides chronology caution · Dynasties 9–11 chronology
Supports overlap and uncertainty.
date assertion Ramesses II — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides regnal attestation · Ruler chronology and attested Year 67
Supports the regnal-year minimum and chronology caution.
date assertion Akhenaten — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides regnal attestation · Ruler chronology and attested Year 17
Supports the regnal-year minimum and chronology caution.
date assertion Thutmose III — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides regnal attestation · Ruler chronology and attested Year 54
Supports the regnal-year minimum and chronology caution.
date assertion Amenhotep III — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides regnal attestation · Ruler chronology and attested Year 38
Supports the regnal-year minimum and chronology caution.
property assignment Early Dynastic Period — classified as — Early Dynastic Period
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · supports assignment · Period definition
Supports classification.
date assertion Middle Kingdom — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports chronology model · Dynasty 11/12 periodization
Supports the model and its uncertainty.
date assertion Shoshenq I — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports chronology model · Third Intermediate chronology
Supports the model and its uncertainty.
date assertion Ahmose I — date assertion
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports chronology model · New Kingdom chronological models
Supports the model and its uncertainty.
date assertion Middle Kingdom — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports chronology model · Middle Kingdom boundary discussion
Supports the model and its uncertainty.
date assertion Shoshenq I — date assertion
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports chronology model · Third Intermediate alternative chronology
Supports the model and its uncertainty.
relationship Early Dynastic Period — precedes in modern periodization — Old Kingdom
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports chronology relationship · Period chronology tables and discussions
Supports preferred sequence and boundary caveats.
relationship Late Middle Kingdom and Dynasty 13 — precedes in modern periodization — Second Intermediate Period
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports chronology relationship · Period chronology tables and discussions
Supports preferred sequence and boundary caveats.
relationship Middle Kingdom — precedes in modern periodization — Late Middle Kingdom and Dynasty 13
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports chronology relationship · Period chronology tables and discussions
Supports preferred sequence and boundary caveats.
relationship New Kingdom chronological framework — precedes in modern periodization — Third Intermediate Period
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports chronology relationship · Period chronology tables and discussions
Supports preferred sequence and boundary caveats.
relationship Old Kingdom — precedes in modern periodization — First Intermediate Period
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports chronology relationship · Period chronology tables and discussions
Supports preferred sequence and boundary caveats.
relationship Predynastic antecedents and Naqada phases — precedes in modern periodization — Early Dynastic Period
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports chronology relationship · Period chronology tables and discussions
Supports preferred sequence and boundary caveats.
relationship Second Intermediate Period — precedes in modern periodization — New Kingdom chronological framework
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports chronology relationship · Period chronology tables and discussions
Supports preferred sequence and boundary caveats.
relationship Third Intermediate Period — precedes in modern periodization — Late Period
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports chronology relationship · Period chronology tables and discussions
Supports preferred sequence and boundary caveats.
relationship First Intermediate Period — precedes in modern periodization — Middle Kingdom
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports chronology relationship · Period chronology tables and discussions
Supports preferred sequence and boundary caveats.
claim Dynasties 22, 23 and 24 include overlapping regional rulers and cannot be displayed as a simple nationwide succession.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports claim · Third Intermediate chronology
Supports the claim and its qualifications.
claim Climate and Nile-flood variability can affect Egyptian systems but cannot be assumed to cause political transitions without regionally matched chronology and mechanism.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports claim · Chronology safeguards
Supports the claim and its qualifications.
claim Period and dynasty labels are modern chronological classifications rather than ancient events or automatically unified states.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · supports claim · Chronological methods and period tables
Supports the claim and its qualifications.
claim Attested regnal years, modern absolute reign estimates, birth dates and death dates are distinct data types and must not be silently merged.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · supports claim · Chronological methods and regnal reconstruction
Supports the claim and its qualifications.
claim Several proposed Dynasty 12 co-regencies remain disputed and should not be embedded as certain overlaps.
Disputed interpretationConfidence in this assessment: moderateConfidence in the stated assessment
supports · supports claim · Dynasty 12 chronology and co-regencies
Supports the claim and its qualifications.
claim The exact archaeological location of Itjtawy remains unresolved.
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports claim · Dynasty 12 context
Supports the claim and its qualifications.
claim Several New Kingdom accession dates are modern conversions with small but meaningful model differences.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports claim · New Kingdom chronology chapters
Supports the claim and its qualifications.
entity Pepi II
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler and reign context · Ruler/period discussion
Supports inclusion, approximate reign and historical significance.
entity Amenemhat I
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler and reign context · Ruler/period discussion
Supports inclusion, approximate reign and historical significance.
date assertion Sobekneferu — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler and reign context · Ruler/period discussion
Supports inclusion, approximate reign and historical significance.
date assertion Ramesses II — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler and reign context · Ruler/period discussion
Supports inclusion, approximate reign and historical significance.
date assertion Pepi II — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler and reign context · Ruler/period discussion
Supports inclusion, approximate reign and historical significance.
date assertion Amenemhat I — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler and reign context · Ruler/period discussion
Supports inclusion, approximate reign and historical significance.
entity Sobekneferu
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler and reign context · Ruler/period discussion
Supports inclusion, approximate reign and historical significance.
entity Ramesses II
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler and reign context · Ruler/period discussion
Supports inclusion, approximate reign and historical significance.
relationship Ramesses II — ruled or claimed kingship in — New Kingdom Egypt
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler relationship · Ruler and period discussion
Supports kingship assignment and chronology.
relationship Pepi II — ruled or claimed kingship in — Old Kingdom Memphite court and administrative system
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler relationship · Ruler and period discussion
Supports kingship assignment and chronology.
relationship Amenemhat I — ruled or claimed kingship in — Middle Kingdom central state
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler relationship · Ruler and period discussion
Supports kingship assignment and chronology.
relationship Sobekneferu — ruled or claimed kingship in — Middle Kingdom central state
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports ruler relationship · Ruler and period discussion
Supports kingship assignment and chronology.
entity Itjtawy
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports site history · Site or regional discussion
Supports the place, phase and interpretive caution.
date assertion Itjtawy — date assertion
Evidence confidence: low
supports · supports site history · Site or regional discussion
Supports the place, phase and interpretive caution.