Bronze Age World

Citation metadata

Type: handbook chapter
Publication: Oxford University Press, 769–864
Peer reviewed: Yes

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date assertion Tiglath-pileser I's campaigns naming Nairi and Daiaeni — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
contextualizes · contextualizes · Pre-Urartian northern lands and chronology
Places the attestations in later highland history.
claim Nairi in Assyrian sources refers to multiple northern lands or rulers rather than a securely unified kingdom.
Evidence confidence: high
contextualizes · contextualizes · Pre-Urartian northern lands
Source linked to claim record claim_srsc1_nairi_not_single_kingdom.
property assignment Diauehi — has property — External textual label
Evidence confidence: near certain
contextualizes · contextualizes · Textual geography and chronology
Source linked to property_assignment record pa_srsc1_diauehi_external_label.
property assignment Daiaeni — has property — External textual label
Evidence confidence: near certain
contextualizes · contextualizes · Textual geography and chronology
Source linked to property_assignment record pa_srsc1_daiaeni_external_label.
claim Urartian state material culture is an administrative and political assemblage, not a direct measure of homogeneous ethnicity.
Evidence confidence: high
contextualizes · contextualizes · State history and geography
Source linked to claim record claim_srsc1_urartian_assemblage_not_ethnicity.
event Shalmaneser III's northern campaigns involving Urartu
Evidence confidence: high
contextualizes · contextualizes · Ninth-century formation and Assyrian relations
Provides political chronology and source criticism.
property assignment Uruatri — has property — External textual label
Evidence confidence: near certain
contextualizes · contextualizes · Textual geography and chronology
Source linked to property_assignment record pa_srsc1_uruatri_external_label.
property assignment Nairi lands — has property — External textual label
Evidence confidence: near certain
contextualizes · contextualizes · Textual geography and chronology
Source linked to property_assignment record pa_srsc1_nairi_lands_external_label.
claim Assyrian campaign inscriptions attest military action and named lands but do not establish continuous administrative control across the northern highlands.
Evidence confidence: near certain
contextualizes · contextualizes · Assyria–Urartu relations
Source linked to claim record claim_srsc1_assyrian_campaigns_not_control.
date assertion Shalmaneser III's northern campaigns involving Urartu — date assertion
Evidence confidence: high
contextualizes · contextualizes · Ninth-century formation and Assyrian relations
Provides political chronology and source criticism.
event Tiglath-pileser I's campaigns naming Nairi and Daiaeni
Evidence confidence: high
contextualizes · contextualizes · Pre-Urartian northern lands and chronology
Places the attestations in later highland history.
property External textual label
Evidence confidence: near certain
contextualizes · contextualizes · Textual geography and state emergence
Source linked to property record prop_srsc1_external_textual_label.
claim Assyrian Daiaeni and Urartian Diauehi may be historically related, but their equivalence is not secure.
Evidence confidence: moderate
contextualizes · contextualizes and evaluates · Daiaeni/Diauehi chronology and geography
Source linked to claim record claim_srsc1_daiaeni_diauehi_equivalence_uncertain.
event Teishebaini at Karmir Blur in later Urartian context
Evidence confidence: moderate
contextualizes · dates and contextualizes · Later Urartian urban and political history
Provides the state-period context.
date assertion Emergence of the Urartian state — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
contextualizes · dates and contextualizes · Ninth-century state formation, political history, and geography
Provides the current synthesis.
date assertion Teishebaini at Karmir Blur in later Urartian context — date assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
contextualizes · dates and contextualizes · Later Urartian urban and political history
Provides the state-period context.
date assertion Emergence of the Urartian state — date assertion
Evidence confidence: very high
contextualizes · dates and contextualizes · Ninth-century state formation, political history, and geography
Provides the current synthesis.
event Emergence of the Urartian state
Evidence confidence: very high
contextualizes · dates and contextualizes · Ninth-century state formation, political history, and geography
Provides the current synthesis.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Pre-Urartian northern lands and chronology
Places the attestations in later highland history.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Ninth-century formation and Assyrian relations
Provides political chronology and source criticism.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Pre-Urartian northern lands and chronology
Places the attestations in later highland history.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Ninth-century formation and Assyrian relations
Provides political chronology and source criticism.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Ninth-century formation and Assyrian relations
Provides political chronology and source criticism.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Pre-Urartian northern lands and chronology
Places the attestations in later highland history.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: high
informs · contextualizes · Pre-Urartian northern lands and chronology
Places the attestations in later highland history.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · dates and contextualizes · Ninth-century state formation, political history, and geography
Provides the current synthesis.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · dates and contextualizes · Ninth-century state formation, political history, and geography
Provides the current synthesis.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · dates and contextualizes · Ninth-century state formation, political history, and geography
Provides the current synthesis.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: very high
informs · dates and contextualizes · Ninth-century state formation, political history, and geography
Provides the current synthesis.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · dates and contextualizes · Later Urartian urban and political history
Provides the state-period context.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · dates and contextualizes · Later Urartian urban and political history
Provides the state-period context.
relationship Research record — associated with
Evidence confidence: moderate
informs · dates and contextualizes · Later Urartian urban and political history
Provides the state-period context.
date assertion Northern Mesopotamia and Upper Tigris — date assertion
informs · defines search frame · Relevant regional chapters or site distributions
date assertion Nairi lands — date assertion
informs · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
date assertion Uruatri — date assertion
informs · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
date assertion Daiaeni — date assertion
informs · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
date assertion Diauehi — date assertion
informs · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
date assertion Urartu — date assertion
informs · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
date assertion Karmir Blur — date assertion
informs · provides site or sequence evidence · Relevant site report, synthesis, or gazetteer record
geography assertion Karmir Blur — geography assertion
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · dates · Later Urartian chronology
Controls phase interpretation.
entity Northern Mesopotamia and Upper Tigris
Evidence confidence: high
supports · defines search frame · Relevant regional chapters or site distributions
Source linked to entity record geo_srsc1_northern_mesopotamia.
relationship Daiaeni — possible name and geographic continuity — Diauehi
Evidence confidence: low
supports · evaluates identification · Daiaeni/Diauehi discussion
Source linked to relationship record rel_srsc1_daiaeni_possible_diauehi.
entity Urartu
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
Source linked to entity record pol_srsc1_urartu.
entity Nairi lands
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
Source linked to entity record text_srsc1_nairi_lands.
entity Uruatri
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
Source linked to entity record text_srsc1_uruatri.
entity Daiaeni
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
Source linked to entity record text_srsc1_daiaeni.
entity Diauehi
Evidence confidence: high
supports · provides or interprets textual attestation · Relevant inscription, historical synthesis, or source criticism
Source linked to entity record text_srsc1_diauehi.
entity Karmir Blur
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · provides site or sequence evidence · Relevant site report, synthesis, or gazetteer record
Source linked to entity record site_srsc1_karmir_blur.
claim Karmir Blur's principal Teishebaini fortress-city phase postdates the 1600–800 BCE primary interval.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · supports · Later Urartian chronology
Source linked to claim record claim_srsc1_karmir_blur_principal_phase_later.
ranked model Multi-causal environmental, economic, and political transition
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports · supports · State formation and Assyrian relations
Source linked to ranked_model record model_srsc1_3_multi_causal_transition.
relationship Karmir Blur — later state fortress of — Urartu
Evidence confidence: very high
supports · supports · Later Urartian chronology
Source linked to relationship record rel_srsc1_karmir_blur_later_urartian_phase.
claim Later Urartian frontiers and site distributions cannot be used as maps of earlier Late Bronze and Iron I archaeological systems.
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · supports · State formation and expansion chronology
Source linked to claim record claim_srsc1_urartian_geography_not_backprojected.
claim Early Assyrian Uruatri should not be represented as the already consolidated ninth-century Urartian state.
Evidence confidence: high
supports · supports · Antecedents and ninth-century state formation
Source linked to claim record claim_srsc1_uruatri_not_mature_urartu.
property assignment Karmir Blur — has property — Multi-period sequence
Evidence confidence: near certain
supports · supports assignment · Stratigraphic or multi-period sequence
Source linked to property_assignment record pa_srsc1_karmir_blur_multi_period.
causal hypothesis Assyrian pressure as one contributor to Urartian consolidation
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports_with_caveat · supports and limits · State formation and Assyrian relations
Source linked to causal_hypothesis record hyp_srsc1_assyrian_pressure_urartu_consolidation.
relationship Uruatri — possible historical predecessor label — Urartu
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports_with_caveat · supports and limits · State antecedents and formation
Source linked to relationship record rel_srsc1_uruatri_precedes_urartu.
relationship Nairi lands — historical context not direct equivalence — Urartu
Evidence confidence: moderate
supports_with_caveat · supports and limits · Nairi and Urartian state formation
Source linked to relationship record rel_srsc1_nairi_context_for_urartu.